1. 1 U.S. and the WTO: overview Washington, DC, February 13, 2012. www.regfortrade.ru

2. 2 Why does export matters? The U.S. is the world's largest (2011): economy $15, 294 billion (GDP) exporter $2,103 billion importer $2,661 billion Exports exceeded 13,7 % of U.S. GDP in 2011. U.S. goods and services exports supported an estimated 10.3 million jobs in 2008 US jobs supported by goods exports pay 13-18 percent more than the US national average Trade expansion benefits families and businesses by: Supporting more productive, higher paying jobs in export sectors Expanding the variety of products for purchase by consumers and business Encouraging investment and more rapid economic growth Trade keeps our economy open, dynamic, and competitive, and helps ensure that US continues to be one of the best place in the world to do business. www.regfortrade.ru

3. 3 Common Trade Problems Common trade problems that U.S. companies have encountered: Tariff and customs barriers Service barriers Standards, testing, labeling, or certification barriers Rules of origin Government procurement contract barriers Intellectual property protection problems Excessive government requirements Excessive testing or licensing fees Bribery Investment www.regfortrade.ru

4. 4 U.S. Trade Agreements Multilateral WTO Free Trade Agreements (FTA) 17 FTAs signed 3 FTAs signed, but not implemented TPP in negotiations Trade and Investment Framework Agreements (TIFA) 45 TIFAs Bilateral Investment Treaties (BIT) 40 BITs Other Initiatives APEC ASEAN Free trade and open markets www.regfortrade.ru

5. 5 U.S. Government and Trade Negotiations Foreign Country WTO EU Chi na Bra zil Can ada US Companies (in-house trade professionals) Trade Associations (over 90 000) Law Firms (896) Lobbyists (12 633) USTR Department of State Department of Commerce Department of Agriculture ITAFASBEBA ITAC FTAs, BITs, TIFAs Advisory committees www.regfortrade.ru

6. 6 Advisory Committee System Established in 1974 to ensure that U.S. trade policy and trade negotiating objectives adequately reflect U.S. public and private sector interests 28 advisory committees approximately 700 advisors Advisory Committees: Advisory Committee for Trade Policy and Negotiations Agricultural Policy Advisory Committee Agricultural Technical Advisory Committee for Trade Industry Trade Advisory Committees (ITAC) Intergovernmental Policy Advisory Committee Labor Advisory Committee Trade Advisory Committee on Africa Trade and Environment Policy Advisory Committee Committee of Chairs of the Industry Trade Advisory Committees ITAC 01 - Aerospace Equipment ITAC 02 - Automotive Equipment and Capital Goods ITAC 03 - Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, Health Science Products and Services ITAC 04 - Consumer Goods ITAC 05 - Distribution Services ITAC 06 - Energy and Energy Services TAC 07 - Forest Products ITAC 08 - Information and Communications Technologies, Services, and Electronic Commerce ITAC 09 - Non-Ferrous Metals and Building Materials ITAC 10 - Services and Finance Industries ITAC 11 - Small and Minority Business ITAC 12 - Steel ITAC 13 - Textiles and Clothing ITAC 14 - Customs Matters and Trade Facilitation ITAC 15 - Intellectual Property Rights ITAC 16 - Standards and Technical Trade Barriers www.regfortrade.ru

7. 7 WTO Dispute settlement: U.S.experience U.S. and WTO dispute settlement (1995-2012): As complainant98 As respondent113 As third party 93 www.regfortrade.ru

8. 8 U.S.Trade Remedies under WTO rules U.S.Trade Remedies Initiations (1995-2011): Anti-dumping 452 Countervailing 109 Safeguards 10 www.regfortrade.ru

9. 9 WTO dispute settlement: Measures affecting trade in large civil aircrafts WTO European Community U.S. Australia Brazil Canada China Japan Korea FranceGermanyUKSpain 2004– pres.

10. 10 WTO dispute settlement: EC Bananas III WTO European Union U.S. EcuadorGuatemalaHondurasMexico Belize; Cameroon; Canada; Colombia; Costa Rica; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Ghana; Grenada; Côte d’Ivoire; Brazil; Madagascar; Panama; India; Jamaica; Japan; Nicaragua; Philippines; Saint Lucia; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Senegal; Suriname; Venezuela. 1996 – pres. www.regfortrade.ru

11. 11 www.regfortrade.ru Contact details: Ph.D. in Economics, Viacheslav Evseev v.evseev@regfortrade.ru Center for Customs Tariff and Non-Tariff Regulation Research www.regfortrde.ru