1. Future perspectives of nuclear energy
Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology
Institute of Nuclear and Physical Engineering
Future perspectives of nuclear energy
Štefan Čerba

2. Contents Introduction Nuclear energy in global and in Slovakia
The role of nuclear energy in a future of Slovakia
Advantages of the fast neutron spectrum
GEN IV nuclear energy systems

3. Introduction

4. Nuclear energy in global

5. Nuclear energy in global

6. Nuclear energy in Slovakia
Total production: TWh[1]
Total consumption: TWh
Import: 521 GWh
Installed capacity: MWe
Till 2030  MWe

7. Nuclear power plants in Slovakia
EBO V2 Bohunice
EMO 1,2 Mochovce
EMO 3,4 Mochovce
EBO V1
Bohunice
A1 Bohunice
Reactor type
VVER 440/ v213
VVER 440/ v230
KS 150
Thermal power [MWth]
1471
1375 (1471)
1375
560
Gross electric power [MWe]
500
440 (500)
440
150
Reactor units 2 1
Launch
1984/1985
1998/2000
2012/2013
1978/1980
1972
Shutdown
2024/2025
2038/2040
2052/2053
2006/2008
1979
Status
operating
Built
shutdown

8. The future of nuclear energy
6,948,762,823
84,739

9. The future of nuclear energy

10. Classification of nuclear reactors

11. Generation four international forum
Goals:
Sustainability,
Economy,
Safety and reliability,
Proliferation resistance and physical protection.
GIF
2002
SFR – Sodium-cooled fast reactor
LFR – Lead-cooled fast reactor,
GFR – Gas cooled fast reactor.
VHTR – Very high temperature reactor,
SCWR – Supercritical water-cooled reactor,
MSR – Molten salt reactor,

12. Fast neutron spectrum

13. Fast neutron spectrum Increasing n energy --> Thermal spectrum:
Enrichment < 5 %
Fast spectrum:
Enrichment = %

14. SFR – Sodium-cooled fast reactor
Sodium coolant,
Fast neutron spectrum,
Closed fuel cycle,
Electricity production and actinide transmutation,
Operation: 550 °C - low pressure,
Oxide, carbide or metallic fuel with U, Pu and MA content,
Burnup up to 200 GWd/tHM,
SF reprocessing via PUREX.
EBR–I, Phenix, BN-600.
ASTRID - demonstrator

15. LFR – Lead-cooled fast reactor
Liquid lead coolant,
Fast neutron spectrum,
Operation in closed fuel cycle,
Actinide transmutation,
Electricity production,
Possibility of hydrogen production,
Operation conditions: 550 °C at low pressure,
technology base: Russian α type submarines (Pb-Bi).
2 concepts:
Reference design: 600 MWe (ELSY) – (U,Pu,MA)O2 fuel
Modular design: 20 MWe (SSTAR) – (U,Pu,MA)N fuel (t=650 °C).

16. GFR – gas cooled fast reactor
He coolant,
Fast neutron spectrum,
Closed fuel cycle,
More effective natural U utilization,
Reduction of the long-lived RAV radiotoxicity,
Operation conditions: 750 °C and
7 MPa,
Efficient electricity generation,
Hydrogen production and process heat supply,
Innovative (U,Pu,MA)C –SiC fuel,
Unique DHR system,
ALLEGRO – demonstrator.

17. VHTR – very high temperature reactor
Helium coolant,
Graphite moderator,
Thermal neutron spectrum,
Once-through U fuel cycle,
Cogeneration of electricity and hydrogen,
Process heat applications,
Operation at high temperatures °C and high pressure 7 MPa,
UO2 – SiC fuel,
Very high thermal efficiency.

18. SCWR – Supercritical water-cooled reactor
Operation above the TD critical point of water(t=374 °C, p=22MPa, ρ=0.32 g/cm3),
Either thermal or fast neutron spectrum,
Possible once-though or closed fuel cycle,
Base-load electricity production,
Thermal efficiency η>50 %,
Investment and operation costs comparable with LWRs,
UO2 fuel,
target burnup - 45 GWd/tHM.

19. MSR – molten salt reactor
liquid fluoride salt coolant,
UF, PuF – ZrF, NaF, LiF,
Thermal and epithermal neutron spectrum,
Excellent neutron balance,
Actinide transmutation,
Electricity generation,
Hydrogen production,
Process heat supply,
Continuous refueling,
Possible addition of actinide feeds during operation,
Th-U Breeder fuel cycle.

20. ESNII - European Sustainable Nuclear Industrial Initiative

21. “The country which first develops a breeder reactor will have a great competitive advantage in atomic energy.”
E. Fermi

22. Backup slide 1

23. Backup slide 2

24. Backup slide 3

25. Backup slide 4

26. Backup slide 5

27. Backup slide 6