2. Psychopharmacology (the study of drug effects on mind and behavior)

3. Factors to consider with drug therapy: Normal recovery rate of untreated patients Placebo effect Double blind procedure (neither staff nor patient know who has the placebo)

4. The first psychological drugs were administered in 1953 with the antipsychotic drugs. In 1955, over ½ a million Americans were living in mental institutions, each staying an average of a few years. Then, with the introduction of tranquilizers, the number declined. By 1965, the number of patients was down to ¼ million, with most patients staying for only a few months.

5. Drug Therapies & Mental Hospitals

6. Drug Therapies

8. Drug Therapies & Mental Hospitals

9. Antipsychotic drugs Treat Psychoses (disorders in which hallucinations or delusions indicate some loss of contact with reality)

10. Block Dopamine Chlorpromazine (Brand name: Thorazine) Diminishes responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli Treats positive Schizophrenia Atypical antipsychotics (Clozaril) Positive and negative symptoms Target Dopamine AND Serotonin

11. Sluggishness, tremors, and twitches (Parkinson’s disease) Too little dopamine Tardive Dyskinesia involuntary movements of the facial muscles (such as grimacing), tongue, and limbs. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0EbgpyztCA Obesity, diabetes

12. Antianxiety drugs Depress central nervous system Xanax, Ativan D-cycloserine Used in conjunction with exposure therapy Therefore, treats PTSD and OCD Are they a “cure”?

13. Antidepressant drugs Use with mood and anxiety disorders Target norepinephrine or serotonin Increase mood and arousal

14. SSRI’s: Selective-Serotonin-Reuptake-Inhibitors Fluoxetine (Prozac) Paxil, Zoloft

15. Antidepressant Drugs: Prozac How does it work?

16. Antidepressant Drugs: Prozac How does it work?

17. Antidepressant Drugs: Prozac How does it work?

18. Side effects: dry mouth, weight gain, hypertension, dizzy spells Can be alleviated by wearing a patch instead of taking a pill (bypass intestines and liver) Alternatives: Exercise and Cognitive therapy (positive thinking) often increase serotonin naturally Placebos account for 75% of drug effect 1 in 4 people on average need to try another antidepressant (is that the 25% that actually have a chemical imbalance?)

19. Mood-stabilizing medications often help calm Mania (bipolar) Lithium Depakote

20. Cannot cure any mental illness Can alter the brain to suppress some symptoms Can have negative long term effects Can be habit forming Often over prescribed