Electrically Caused Injury

Name: Electrically Caused Injury
Uploaded: 2017-07-30T21:48:30+00:00
Duration: PTM35S39
Channel: Taylor Alvarez
Description: Electrically Caused Injury

Electrically Caused Injury
Information and Communication Technology Equipment – Part 1: Safety Requirements, UL Section 5 Electrically Caused Injury Copyright © Charles Bayhi Permission to copy if attribution is included CPSM Corporation

Safety Requirements, UL 62368-1
Background Is intended to ultimately replace IEC and IEC ; IEC Standard initially published in 2010 with a minimum five (5) year effective date that is being recommended by IEC TC108; Its Test Report Form (TRF) has been published; Publication of national standards based on IEC expected to follow after the publication of IEC It is hoped that National/Regional Committees will adopt effective dates that will coincide with the effective date timing recommended by IEC TC108, but this cannot be guaranteed. Since the five-year transition period is the best case scenario, there’s no guarantee that one or more regulators will not adopt the standard sooner. Retailers and other major customers may demand a product to be certified to IEC sooner than the transition period.

Background IEC /UL New Safety Standard for Consumer Electronic (Audio/Video) Apparatus, Information Technology Equipment, and Communication Technology Equipment NOT a simple merger of IEC and IEC IEC published ( – cost $370) UL published ( – cost $579) CSA published ( – cost $330 US)

Background IEC Its scope is broad and inclusive of the current IEC and IEC Follows a different approach to safety using HBSE principles – but it is not a full HBSE or Risk Based standard – it relies on performance tests to demonstrate safety. It’s Hazard Based approach is different than that of the more prescriptive approach taken by the existing standards, i.e., IEC and IEC

Workshop Format Series of presentations Each presentation will go thru the standard, Section by Section Section 0, Principles of Product Safety, Section 1, Scope (skip) Section 2, Normative References (skip) Section 3, Terms and Definitions Section 4, General Requirements Section 5, Electrically Caused Injuries Section 6, Open discussion

Safety requirements, UL 62368-1
5.1 General To reduce the likelihood of painful effects and injury due to electric current passing through the human body, equipment shall be provided with the safeguards specified in this clause.

5.2 Classification and limits of electrical energy sources 5.2.1 Electrical energy source classifications ES1 ES1 is a class 1 electrical energy source with levels not exceeding ES1 limits under – normal operating conditions, and – abnormal operating conditions that do not lead to a single fault condition, and not exceeding ES2 limits under single fault conditions. NOTE ES1 may be accessible to an ordinary person.

5.2 Classification and limits of electrical energy sources ES2 ES2 is a class 2 electrical energy source with levels not exceeding ES2 limits under – normal operating conditions, – abnormal operating conditions, and – single fault conditions, but is not ES1. NOTE ES2 may be accessible to an instructed person.

5.2 Classification and limits of electrical energy sources ES3 ES3 is a class 3 electrical energy source with levels exceeding ES2 limits under normal operating conditions, abnormal operating conditions or single fault conditions. NOTE 1 The energy in ES3 may cause harmful physiological effects under contact with a body part. NOTE 2 Parts and circuits classed ES3 may be accessible to a skilled person. All current-carrying conductors of an a.c. mains circuit, including the neutral, are declared ES3. Conductive parts may be classed ES3 without measurement or evaluation.

5.2 Classification and limits of electrical energy sources 5.2.2 ES1, ES2 and ES3 limits General This subclause specifies the parameters and their magnitudes for electrical energy sources ES1, ES2 and ES3. The limits specified in this subclause are with respect to earth or with respect to an accessible part.

5.2 Classification and limits of electrical energy sources 5.2.2 ES1, ES2 and ES3 limits

5.2 Classification and limits of electrical energy sources For ES1 and ES2, for any voltage up to the limit voltage, there is no limit for the current. For any current up to the limit current, there is no limit for the voltage. For ES1 and ES2, in no case can both the current limit and the voltage limit be exceeded. ES2 is an energy source where both the voltage and current exceed the limits for ES1, but do not exceed the limits for ES2. ES3 is any source where both the voltage limit and current limit exceed ES2. Voltage limits in this figure do not apply to charged capacitors

5.2 Classification and limits of electrical energy sources Steady-state voltage and current limits An electrical energy source class is determined from both the available voltage and the available current The values are the maximum that can be delivered by the source for 2 s or more.

5.2 Classification and limits of electrical energy sources Table 4 – Electrical energy source limits for d.c. and low frequency a.c. currents

5.2 Classification and limits of electrical energy sources Figure 24 – Maximum values for combined a.c. current and d.c. current

5.2 Classification and limits of electrical energy sources The ES2 limit curve is based on the following formula: Where Iac is the measured a.c. current within the range of 0 mA to 5 mA; Idc is the measured d.c. current within the range of 0 mA to 25 mA.

5.2 Classification and limits of electrical energy sources Table 5 – Electrical energy source limits for d.c. and low frequency a.c. voltages

5.2 Classification and limits of electrical energy sources Figure 25 – Maximum values for combined a.c. voltage and d.c. voltage

5.2 Classification and limits of electrical energy sources The ES2 limit curve is based on the following formula: Uac is the measured a.c. voltage within the range of 0 V to 50 V r.m.s. Udc is the measured d.c. voltage within the range of 0 V to 120 V.

5.2 Classification and limits of electrical energy sources Table 6 – Electrical energy source limits for medium and high frequency voltage and current

5.2 Classification and limits of electrical energy sources Capacitance limits Where the electrical energy source is a capacitor, the energy source is classified from both the charge voltage and the capacitance. The capacitance is the rated value of the capacitor plus the specified tolerance. The ES1 and ES2 limits for various capacitance values are listed in Table 7.

5.2 Classification and limits of electrical energy sources Table 7 – Electrical energy source limits for a charged capacitor

5.3 Protection against electrical energy sources 5.3.1 General This subclause specifies protection requirements for parts accessible to ordinary persons, instructed persons, and skilled persons.

5.3 Protection against electrical energy sources 5.3.1 General Table 11 – Overview on safeguard requirements (persons)

5.3 Protection against electrical energy sources 5.3.2 Protection of an ordinary person Safeguards between ES1 and an ordinary person No safeguards need be interposed between ES1 and an ordinary person. Safeguards between ES2 and an ordinary person At least one safeguard shall be interposed between ES2 and an ordinary person Safeguards between ES3 and an ordinary person Unless otherwise specified, at least one equipment basic safeguard and one equipment supplementary safeguard (double safeguard) or a reinforced safeguard shall be interposed between ES3 and an ordinary person

5.3 Protection against electrical energy sources Safeguards between ES1 or ES2 and an instructed person No safeguards need to be interposed between ES1 or ES2 and an instructed person Safeguards between ES3 and an instructed person Unless otherwise specified, at least one equipment basic safeguard and one equipment supplementary safeguard (double safeguard) or a reinforced safeguard shall be interposed between ES3 and an instructed person

5.3 Protection against electrical energy sources 5.3.4 Protection of a skilled person Safeguards between ES1 or ES2 and a skilled person No safeguards need to be interposed between ES1 or ES2 and a skilled person Safeguards between ES3 and a skilled person Bare conductors at ES3 shall be located or guarded so that unintentional contact with such conductors during service operations is unlikely

5.3 Protection against electrical energy sources 5.3.5 Safeguards between energy sources General This subclause specifies safeguards between ES1, ES2 and ES3. Table 12 gives an overview of the required number of equipment safeguards between electrical energy sources.

5.3 Protection against electrical energy sources Table 12 – Overview of required number of equipment safeguards

5.3 Protection against electrical energy sources Safeguards between ES1, ES2 and ES3 At least one basic safeguard shall be interposed between ES2 and ES1

5.3 Protection against electrical energy sources At least one basic safeguard and one supplementary safeguard shall be interposed between ES3 and ES1

5.3 Protection against electrical energy sources Protection of ES2 against ES3 At least one basic safeguard and one supplementary safeguard shall be interposed between ES3 and ES2

5.3 Protection against electrical energy sources 5.3.6 Accessibility to electrical energy sources and safeguards Requirements For ordinary persons, the following shall not be accessible: – bare parts at ES2, except for the pins of connectors. However, such pins shall not be accessible under normal operating conditions by the blunt probe of Figure V.3; and – bare parts at ES3; and – an ES3 basic safeguard. For instructed persons, the following shall not be accessible:

5.3 Protection against electrical energy sources Contact requirements For ES3 voltages up to 420 V peak, the appropriate test probe from Annex V shall not contact a bare internal conductive part. For ES3 voltages above 420 V peak, the appropriate test probe from Annex V shall not contact a bare internal conductive part and shall have an air gap from that part The air gap shall either: a) pass an electric strength test in accordance with at a test voltage (d.c. or peak a.c.) that is equal to the test voltage for basic insulation in Table 32 corresponding to the peak working voltage; or b) have a minimum distance according Table 13.

5.3 Protection against electrical energy sources Figure 31 – Contact requirements to bare internal conductive parts

5.3 Protection against electrical energy sources Table 13 – Minimum air gap distance

5.4 Insulation materials and requirements 5.4.1 General Insulation This subclause specifies insulating materials, clearances, creepage distances and solid insulation, including the use of these materials in components. Insulation providing a safeguard function is designated basic insulation, supplementary insulation, double insulation, or reinforced insulation.

5.4 Insulation materials and requirements 5.4.1 General Properties of insulating material The choice and application of insulating material shall take into account the needs for electrical strength, mechanical strength, dimension, frequency of the working voltage and other properties for the working environment (temperature, pressure, humidity and pollution) as specified in this Clause 5 and Annex T.

5.4 Insulation materials and requirements 5.4.1 General Frequency For fundamental frequencies higher than 30 kHz, the clearances, creepage distances and solid insulation shall comply with , and respectively. If the circuit has both a mains frequency and a fundamental frequency exceeding 30 kHz, then the worst-case requirements for clearances, creepage distances, and solid insulation shall be applied. As an alternative, for solid insulation and frequencies above 30 kHz, the high frequency test of can be substituted by the electric strength test of under the following conditions: – the field strength is approximately uniform; and – no voids or air gaps are present in the solid insulation.

5.4 Insulation materials and requirements Requirements Under normal operating conditions, insulating material temperatures shall not exceed the temperature limit of the insulating material, including insulating materials of components, or the maximum temperature limit of the insulation system as given in Table 14. For maximum temperatures below or equal to 100 °C, no classified insulation system is required.

5.4 Insulation materials and requirements Pollution degrees This subclause describes different degrees of pollution of the operating environment for products covered by this standard. Pollution degree 1 No pollution or only dry, non-conductive pollution occurs. The pollution has no influence. Pollution degree 2 Only non-conductive pollution occurs except that occasionally a temporary conductivity caused by condensation is to be expected. NOTE Pollution degree 2 is generally appropriate for equipment covered by the scope of this standard. Pollution degree 3 Conductive pollution occurs or dry non-conductive pollution occurs that becomes conductive due to condensation, which is to be expected.

5.4 Insulation materials and requirements 5.4.1 General Insulation in transformers with varying dimensions Insulation in circuits generating starting pulses Determination of working voltage Insulating surfaces Thermoplastic parts on which conductive metallic parts are directly mounted

5.4 Insulation materials and requirements 5.4.2 Clearances 5.4.3 Creepage distances 5.4.4 Solid insulation 5.4.5 Antenna terminal insulation 5.4.6 Insulation of internal wire as a part of a supplementary safeguard 5.4.7 Thermal cycling test procedure 5.4.8 Test for pollution degree 1 environment and for an insulating compound 5.4.9 Tests for semiconductor components and for cemented joints

5.4 Insulation materials and requirements Humidity conditioning Electric strength test Protection against transient voltages from external circuits Separation between external circuits and earth

5.5 Components as safeguards 5.5.1 General This subclause specifies applications of components that serve as (electrical) safeguards or that bridge safeguards. If a component bridges a safeguard, then it shall also comply with all the requirements for that safeguard as applicable.

5.5 Components as safeguards 5.5.2 Components as basic safeguard and supplementary safeguard General requirements For components used as a basic safeguard, the insulation shall comply with basic insulation. For components used as a supplementary safeguard, the insulation shall comply with supplementary insulation. Components may be used as a basic safeguard or supplementary safeguard, but only if used within their ratings.

5.5 Components as safeguards 5.5.2 Components as basic safeguard and supplementary safeguard General requirements Capacitors and RC units as a basic safeguard and a supplementary safeguard Safeguards against capacitor discharge Transformers as a basic safeguard and a supplementary safeguard Optocouplers as basic safeguard and supplementary safeguard Relays as a basic safeguard and a supplementary safeguard Resistors as a basic safeguard and a supplementary safeguard SPD as a basic safeguard Other components as a basic safeguard between ES1 and ES2

5.5 Components as safeguards 5.5.3 Components as a reinforced safeguard For components used as a reinforced safeguard, the insulation shall comply with reinforced insulation. Capacitors and RC units Capacitors and RC units may be used as a reinforced safeguard provided they comply with the requirements for reinforced insulation between their terminations for the total working voltage across the insulation. The capacitors and RC units shall comply with IEC as given in Clause G.15. Class X capacitors shall not be used as a reinforced safeguard.

5.5 Components as safeguards 5.5.3 Components as a reinforced safeguard Capacitors and RC units If a reinforced safeguard consists of more than one capacitor, all of the following applies: – under single fault conditions, the voltage on each of the remaining individual capacitors shall not exceed the voltage rating of the relevant individual capacitors; – the sum of the peak impulse test voltages of all capacitors shall be not less than twice the required withstand voltage; – the sum of the r.m.s. test voltages of all capacitors shall be not less than the highest of the required test voltage of Table 31, Table 32 and Table 33.

5.5 Components as safeguards 5.5.3 Components as a reinforced safeguard Transformers Transformers used as a reinforced safeguard shall comply with the requirements of reinforced insulation and Clause G.7. Optocouplers Insulation of optocouplers used as a reinforced safeguard or double safeguard shall comply with reinforced insulation requirements or with the safety requirements of the IEC standard described in Clause G.16.

5.5 Components as safeguards 5.5.3 Components as a reinforced safeguard Relays Insulation of relays used as a reinforced safeguard or double safeguard shall comply with reinforced insulation requirements or with the safety requirements of the IEC standard as described in Clause G.17.

5.5 Components as safeguards 5.5.3 Components as a reinforced safeguard Resistors Resistors may be used as a reinforced safeguard provided they comply with the clearance and creepage distance requirements for reinforced insulation between their terminations for the total working voltage across the insulation.

5.5 Components as safeguards 5.5.3 Components as a reinforced safeguard Resistors Double insulation or reinforced insulation may be provided by one resistor or by a group of two or more resistors in series, under the following conditions: – the resistor or group of resistors shall comply with the minimum clearances of 5.4.2; and – the minimum creepage distances of for reinforced insulation, as applicable for the total working voltage across the resistor or group. For a group of resistors, see Figure O.4.

5.5 Components as safeguards 5.5.3 Components as a reinforced safeguard Resistors Double insulation or reinforced insulation may be provided by one resistor or by a group of two or more resistors in series, under the following conditions: If a single resistor is used, it shall pass the resistor test of G.14.2. If a group of resistors is used, the clearance and creepage distance are assessed as if each resistor were short-circuited in turn, unless the group passes the resistor test of G.14.2.

5.5 Components as safeguards 5.5.4 Insulation between the mains and an external circuit consisting of a coaxial cable Except as specified below, the insulation between the mains and the terminal or lead provided for the connection to a coaxial cable including the resistor bridging this insulation, if any, shall pass either: – the voltage surge test of G for equipment intended to be connected to a coaxial cable connected to an outdoor antenna; or – the impulse test of G for equipment intended to be connected to another coaxial cable.

5.5 Components as safeguards 5.5.5 Components and parts that may bridge insulation Requirement Where a component or part could bridge insulation where failure of that insulation would result in class 2 energy sources or class 3 energy sources becoming accessible, the component or part shall withstand the test of Clause T.2.

5.5 Components as safeguards 5.5.5 Components and parts that may bridge insulation Requirement DV D2 Modify by adding the following text: For the purpose of assessing compliance it is assumed that: – two independent fixings will not become loose at the same time; and – parts fixed by means of screws or nuts provided with self-locking washers or other means of locking are not liable to become loose. Examples of constructions regarded as meeting the requirements

FUTURE PRESENTATIONS 5.6 Protective conductor 5.7 Prospective touch voltage, touch current and protective conductor current 6 Electrically-caused fire 7 Chemically-caused injury 8 Mechanically-caused injury 9 Thermal burn injury 10 Radiation

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