1. AP World History AUGUST 24, 2015

2. Warm Up – August 24, 2015 Both Hinduism and Buddhism 1.Supported the caste system 2.Revered women 3.Became increasingly popular in India 4.All of the above 5.None of the above

3. Agenda ◦Warm Up ◦SLO Pre-Test Tomorrow ◦Grades & Expectations ◦Notes on Egypt & Indus River Valley ◦Work on Chapter 3 Guided Reading ◦Ticket out the door Don’t forget! ◦Reading – Chapter 3 (Reading Guides due Friday, August 28 th )

4. SLO Pre-Test Tomorrow

5. Grades & Expectations

6. Essential Question What is culture? How does it impact a civilization?

7. Ancient Egypt & the Nile Valley CHAPTER 1 & 2 NOTES

8. A River Valley & Its People One of the world’s first civilizations developed along the banks of the Nile ◦In northeastern Africa ◦Nile = world’s longest river People of the Nile relied on the river’s yearly floods to bring them water Green Nile Valley = stark contrast to deserts surrounding it on either side

9. A River Valley & Its People Rich black soil in Valley = good for farming 5000 BCE = farmers began to settle down in the Valley ◦Grew cereal crops (wheat, barley) ◦Hunted ducks & geese; fished Early Egyptians harvested papyrus ◦Used for rope, sandals, baskets, and paper

10. A River Valley & Its People Early farming villages prospered --> WHY?? Because they were protected from foreign invasions by deserts and cataracts (waterfalls) in the Nile Strong leaders united the farming villages into kingdoms or monarchies ruled by a king

11. A River Valley & Its People By 4000 BCE, Egypt had 2 large kingdoms ◦Lower Egypt (in the north) ◦Upper Egypt (in the south) ◦3000 BCE = Narmer (king of Upper Egypt) attacked Lower Egypt and united the 2 ◦Capital = Memphis ◦1st of the Egyptian dynasties ◦Egyptian dynasties divided into 3 periods: Old, Middle, New

12. The Old Kingdom (2700 BCE to 2200 BCE) People saw their kings as gods ◦Called a theocracy = same person is the political AND religious leader ◦King gave many responsibilities to a bureaucracy = groups of government officials ◦King controlled trade & taxes ◦King supervised building of canals, dams, grain storehouses

13. The Old Kingdom (2700 BCE to 2200 BCE) Egyptians built pyramids as burial places for their kings ◦Great Pyramids in Giza ◦King’s bodies were mummified for preservation

14. Pyramids as Tombs

15. Mummification

16. The Middle Kingdom (2050 BCE to 1800 BCE) Old Kingdom ended with violence & a new dynasty reunited Egypt Capital moved to Thebes Theben kings = seized new territory & added thousands of acres to their civilization Built canals and irrigation systems

17. The Middle Kingdom (2050 BCE to 1800 BCE) Local leaders began to challenge the kings’ power, which threatened peace ◦At same time = 1st real threat to Egypt = invasion by Hyksos (people from western Asia) ◦Hyksos swept through with new tools for war --> bronze weapons & horse- drawn chariots ◦Easily conquered the Egyptians & set up a new dynasty (for about 110 years)

18. The New Kingdom Egyptian prince named Ahmose raised an army & drove the Hyksos out Ahmose & those that came after him used the title pharaoh ◦Rebuilt Egypt & conquered more land

19. The New Kingdom 1480 BCE = Queen Hatshepsut came to power in Egypt = 1st female pharaoh ◦After her death, her stepson Thutmose III took over ◦Thutmose III created an army, conquered neighboring Syria, and expanded the Egyptian empire ◦Empire = many territories under one ruler ◦Egyptian empire grew rich & benefited from cultural diffusion

20. The New Kingdom 1370 BCE = ruler named Amenhotep = created new religion with just 1 god ◦Changed his named to Akhenaton = “spirit of Aton” ◦Aton = sun-disk god = only 1 to be worshipped ◦Controversial, so after his death the priests went back to old religion ◦King Tut took over for him

21. King Tut’s Tomb

22. The New Kingdom 1200s BCE = Ramses II (Ramses the Great) ◦Built large statues of himself, temples, and tombs ◦After his death, Egypt weakened under attacks from invaders & was taken over by foreigners

23. Life in Ancient Egypt Social Order Upper class = kings, nobles, priests Middle class = artisans, scribes, merchants Lower class (majority of Egyptians) = farmers, poor Lowest of the low = slaves

24. Life in Ancient Egypt Families In cities & upper class = husband, wife, children Outside the city & poor families = also included grandparents & other relatives

25. Life in Ancient Egypt Women In the beginning = property of their husbands By the time of the Egyptian Empire = they could own property and divorce their husbands; had more rights

26. Life in Ancient Egypt Religion Very important to early Egyptians Polytheistic = believed in more than one god Gods were often half human, half animal Believed in an afterlife – burial rituals reflect this The ankh = symbol of life

27. Some Egyptian Gods Ra = Sun God King of the Gods Osiris = God of the Dead Iris = Queen of the Goddesses Horus = Son of Iris & Osiris Anubis = God of Embalming

28. Life in Ancient Egypt Writing Used hieroglyphics (picture symbols) for writing Few people could read or write Language remained a mystery until discovery of the Rosetta Stone in 1799 ◦(Greek writing matched the hieroglyphs on the Stone)

29. Life in Ancient Egypt Science Developed a number system Used geometry to calculate volume and area Created a 365-day calendar Developed medical expertise  used splints, bandages, etc.

30. Indus River Valley

31. WHERE IS IT?

32. THE GEOGRAPHIC SETTING Indian Subcontinent ◦To North: Impassable Himalayas ◦To East: Passable low hills ◦To Northwest: Passable Hindu Kush, Khyber Pass ◦To West: Arabian Sea Northern Plain of Indus, Ganges Rivers

33. THE GEOGRAPHIC SETTING Southern Deccan ◦High plateau, extremely dry ◦Bordered on East and West by mountains ◦Separated from north by river, low mountains The Monsoon Winds ◦Off the land October to April: Dry Season ◦Off the Indian Ocean May to September: Wet Season

34. THE INDUS RIVER CIVILIZATION

35. HARAPPAN SOCIETY The Indus River ◦Runs through north India, sources at Hindu Kush, Himalayas ◦Rich deposits, but less predictable than the Nile ◦Wheat and barley were cultivated in Indus valley ◦Cultivated cotton before 5000 B.C.E. ◦Complex society of Dravidians, 3000/2500 B.C.E.

36. HARAPPAN SOCIETY Harappa and Mohenjo-daro ◦Possibly served as twin capitals ◦Each city had a fortified citadel and a large granary ◦Broad streets, market places, temples, public buildings ◦Standardized weights, measures, architecture, bricks Specialized labor and trade ◦Domestic trade, items inc. pottery, tools, metals ◦Trading with Mesopotamians about 2300 to 1750 B.C.E.

37. HARAPPAN SOCIETY/CULTURE Social distinctions as seen from living styles Religious beliefs strongly emphasized fertility ◦Many deities were feminine ◦In later Hinduism, Dravidian gods are blue-faced Harappan society declined from 2000 B.C.E. onward ◦Ecological degradation led to a subsistence crisis ◦Natural catastrophes - floods or earthquakes ◦Population began to abandon their cities by about 1700 B.C.E. ◦Almost entirely collapsed by about 1500 B.C.E ◦Evidence of warfare, invasion

38. Chapter 3 Guided Reading

39. Ticket out the door Via your own paper or Socrative (MRSSWORLDHISTORY): What impact does a lack of artifacts tell you about a civilization’s culture? (Hand to me as you leave)