1. District Heating Technology Improvement of district heating systems efficiency starts at the consumer New calculation tools help consumer and district heating companies to identify non-efficient installations Christian Holm Christiansen

2. District Heating Technology Content District heating in Denmark Focus on end user installations Energy labelling and calculation tools Maintenance scheme with quality assurance

3. District Heating Technology Central CHP Small scale CHP Industrial CHP About DH in Denmark: About 400 DH companies Half of these have less than 1000 customers Small scale CHP networks designed for 70  C/40  C About 700.000 end user installations in single family houses

4. District Heating Technology Some challenges of DH in Denmark Low density networks Pipe heat losses Directive 91/2002 on Energy performance of buildings Gross energy consumption of buildings: 35-50 kWh/m2 National energy saving plan Yearly reduction of energy consumption of 1.7 % Demand of documentation of energy savings

5. District Heating Technology Improved design and operation of DH end user installations Design Minimum requirements: Pressure difference Hot water tapping Heat losses Energy labeling Operation Energy consultancy Maintenance scheme End user involvement

6. District Heating Technology Energy labeling – Why? -Pushes product development -Involves the end user -Actually leads to energy savings! -Has the authorities attention -Its already here!: -Refrigerators -Oil- and gas boilers -Circulators etc.

7. District Heating Technology Pilot project on energy labeling Small end user substations Principals of energy labeling: –Heat losses –’Cooling off’ DH water –Electricity consumption Testing of heat losses, ’cooling off’ and electricity consumption of new substations Re-define the concept of standard consumer substations Evaluation of older DH end user installations and the potential of savings by replacing with new efficient ones

8. District Heating Technology Standard consumer substation 6 categories of system design Minimum requirements on components Documented heat output of heat exchangers and tanks (hot water production: 60  C/30  C & 45  C/10  C) Documented minimum available pressure difference Documented heat loss

9. District Heating Technology Heat loss – Annual efficiency Consumer substation – Annual heat loss 1000 kWh 75,0 80,0 85,0 90,0 95,0 100,0 010203040 Annual buy of heat [MWh] Annual efficiency [%] Without considering heat loss as useful heat Considering 50% of the heat loss in winther time as useful i

10. District Heating Technology Annual ’Cooling off” 25 30 35 40 45 50 0,500,751,001,251,50 Installed radiator capacity: Index 1,0 equals dimensioning heat demand Annual ’cooling of’ [K] 30 K 40 K 50 K Annual ’cooling off’ at hot water production

11. District Heating Technology Annual electricity consumption Pump for circulation Motor valve and control Asumptions Consumption [kWh] 1Substation with pump, level 3 (56 W), 365 days491 2Substation with pump, level 2 (41 W), 365 days359 3Substation with pump, level 1 (27 W), 365 days237 4Substation with pump, level 3 (56 W), 245 days329 5Substation with pump, level 2 (41 W), 245 days241 6Substation with pump, level 1 (27 W), 245 days159 7 Substation with pump, level 1 (27 W), 245 days and control with motor valve (2 W), 365 dage 176

12. District Heating Technology New project on tools 1. List with specific data of heat loss and heat output of older components ready to replace 2. List with specific data of heat loss and heat output of modern consumer user substations. 3. Spreadsheet that calculates economy/energy potential when a consumer substation is installed in a new building or is replacing an old installation. 4. Web page www.sparfjernvarme.dk with the tools available for use in may 2006.www.sparfjernvarme.dk

13. District Heating Technology List of older components

14. District Heating Technology List of modern consumer substations

15. District Heating Technology Spreadsheet

16. Calculation model Pipe dimensions Fittings Insulation thickness Heat exchanger/tanks: - Measured heat output - Mesured heat loss - Measured pressure loss Pump power Stationary calculation model Annual ’cooling off’ Annual efficiency Annual electricity consumption DH flow temperature Climate data Heat demand Hot water demand Heating system Etc.

17. District Heating Technology DH Maintenance scheme Procedures and reports for maintenance 7-days course in DH heating for plumbers etc. Theoretical and practical test for certificate Registration of companies and technicians involved Quality assurance of the work done – sample test Economy: Financed by registration and annual fee’s as well as sale of labels