1. Williams Research Gravity Pharis E. Williams 19 th Natural Philosophy Alliance Albuquerque, NM 25-28 July, 2012

2. Williams Research For Newton Gravity was independent of his fundamental laws of dynamics. For Einstein gravity and dynamics were tied together in the geodesics of a curved space. Thermodynamic laws provide the equations for dynamics caused by a force AND the gravitational force law.

3. Williams Research The Dynamic Theory Premise The fundamental laws are sufficiently general to determine both the force of interactions and the dynamics that force causes.

4. Williams Research Fundamental Laws 1 st Law Conservation of Energy 2 nd Law Denial of Perpetual Motion Neighboring any state point there exist points that the system may not go to reversibly.

5. Williams Research Integrating Denominator Defines Entropy Entropy determines: 1. How the dynamics flows (i.e. Time) 2. Very stable states and the Entropy Principle 3. Characteristic properties of fundamental particles.

6. Williams Research Stability Conditions Parameterize by choosing

7. Williams Research Maximum Entropy Principle or where the Entropy space is integrable while the sigma space is not integrable. And the gauge function behaves as a geometric integrating factor.

8. Williams Research Weyl Scale Factor in the sigma manifold Isentropic states require that then the Weyl Scale Factor is unity, or A Unity Scale Factor requires

9. Williams Research London showed that, given the Gauge potentials, a unity scale factor requires the isentropic paths that satisfy must follow the paths given by Schrodinger’s Wave Equation. Isentropic paths with unity scale factor follow quantum mechanics!

10. Williams Research What are the gauge potentials that a fundamental particle may possess that satisfy the requirements of a unity scale factor and remain unchanged as the particle moves around in space and time?

11. Williams Research The Gauge fields must satisfy the unity scale factor and the field equations

12. Williams Research The gauge function that satisfies the unity scale factor and all of the field equations is Hubble’s constant is the coefficient of time in the exponential while it combines with the maximum mass conversion rate in the coefficient of the mass density.

13. Williams Research The gauge fields allowed for a fundamental particle are

14. Williams Research The ratio of the electric force to the gravitational force for these fundamental particles is given by No other theoretical prediction of this value is known.

15. Williams Research Comparison between theoretical predictions and existing experimental data: 1.Perihelion Advance – Proportional to Lambda 2. Red Shifts – exponential w.r.t. time and mass 3.No Big Bang – non-singular potential 4.Dark Matter – time dependence 5.Dark Energy – changing Chandrasekhar limit 6.Fifth Force – non-singular changes gravity below surface

16. Williams Research Inductive Coupling Experiments 1.Radiation Pressure & Energy– Nichols & Hull: P<E 2.Cosmic Background Radiation – Radiation at P=0 3.Electromagnetogravitic waves – Trans & non-transverse 4.Alternate communications – energy conversion T to NT and back 5.Neutrinos – Non-transverse 6.Earth’s magnetic moment – Charge-to-mass ratio

17. Williams Research Inductive Coupling Experiments 1.Direct Measurement of Coupling – Dennis Suhre 2.Earth Flyby Anomalies – Effective charge of satellite interacting with Earth’s magnetic field

18. Williams Research Einstein’s Field Equations 1.Start with the Gauge Function with variables space-time- mass 2.Conserve mass 3.Results: the curvature of the hyper-surface embedded by conservation of mass into the space-time-mass manifold is given by Einstein’s field equations, where κ is the gravitational constant. 4.Two ways to get dynamics: force driven in chosen geometry or geodesics on curved hyper-surface.

19. Williams Research Conclusions Thermodynamic Laws Provide: 1.Stability condition geometry with a gauge function 2.Scale Factor based upon the Gauge function 3.Isentropic paths given by quantum mechanics 4.Fundamental particles gauge properties a.Long range 1/r 2 character b.Non-singular short range character c.Time dependent gravity 5.Inductive coupling between electromagnetism and gravity 6.Gravitational component in transverse waves 7.Non-transverse waves of electric and gravitational components 8.Einstein’s field equations for conservation of mass.

20. Williams Research Perihelion Advance Red Shifts

21. Williams Research No Big Bang Dark Matter

22. Williams Research Dark Energy But the Chandrasekhar mass limit changes in time as z is given by the Red Shift formula

23. Williams Research Radiation Pressure & Energy– Nichols & Hull: P<E Cosmic Background Radiation

24. Williams Research Electromagnetogravitic waves – Transverse Non-Transverse