1. Balanced Device Characterization

2. Page 2 Outline Characteristics of Differential Topologies Measurement Alternatives Unbalanced and Balanced Performance Parameters Balanced Devices Design Methodology Measurement Example Conclusion

3. Page 3 Differential Device Topology 1 2 Unbalanced Device Signals referenced to ground Differential Device Signals equal amplitude and anti-phase Also supports a common mode (in-phase) signal Virtual ground 1 2

4. Page 4 Performance Attributes of Differential Circuits Noise Immunity from: – Power Supplies – Digital Hash – External EMI Minimize Radiation from Circuit Even-Order Harmonic Suppression RF Grounding Quality Less Critical

5. Page 5 Enablers Demand for Higher Performance, Lower Cost RF ICs Improved RF Device Performance Higher Yield RF ICs Improved RF Simulation Tools Increased IC Density

6. Page 6 Challenges Measurement Tools Are Mostly Unbalanced No Balanced VNA Calibration Standards No Balanced RF Connector Standards No Standard Reference Impedance (Z 0 ) for Balanced Devices

7. Page 7 Outline Characteristics of Differential Topologies Measurement Alternatives Unbalanced and Balanced Performance Parameters Balanced Devices Design Methodology Measurement Example Conclusion

8. Page 8 Measurement Alternatives 1) DUT Desired measurement reference plane Calibration reference plane balun Balun only measures differential mode and difficult to calibrate

9. Page 9 Measurement Alternatives 1) DUT Desired measurement reference plane Calibration reference plane balun Balun only measures differential mode and difficult to calibrate 2)DUT Multiport single ended s-parameters do not address balanced modes

10. Page 10 Measurement Alternatives 1) DUT Desired measurement reference plane Calibration reference plane balun Balun only measures differential mode and difficult to calibrate 2)DUT Multiport single ended s-parameters do not address balanced modes 3)DUT Reference plane Consider DUT to have balanced pairs by using mixed-mode s-parameters 1 2

11. Page 11 Outline Characteristics of Differential Topologies Measurement Alternatives Unbalanced and Balanced Performance Parameters Balanced Devices Design Methodology Measurement Example Conclusion

12. Page 12 How Many Ports Does this Device Have? Example: Balanced Amplifier

13. Page 13 Unbalanced and Balanced Devices Port 1 Port 2 Port 3 Port 4 Unbalanced: ports referenced to gnd (S-parameters) Port 1 Port 2 Balanced: ports are pairs (Mixed-Mode S-parameters)

14. Page 14 Single-Ended S-Parameters Conventional S-Parameters Answer the Question … responses what are the corresponding responses on all ports of the device? stimulated, If a single port of a device is stimulated,

15. Page 15 Mixed-Mode S-Parameters Mixed-Mode S-Parameters Answer the Question … stimulated If a balanced port of a device is stimulated with a common-mode or differential-mode signal, responses what are the corresponding common-mode and differential-mode responses on all ports of the device?

16. Page 16 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3 Port 4 Single-Ended 4-Port Single-Ended S-Parameter Review

17. Page 17 Single-Ended S-Matrix Stimulus Ports Response Ports

18. Page 18 Mixed-Mode S-Parameter Basics

19. Page 19 Mixed-Mode S-Parameter Basics

20. Page 20 Mixed-Mode S-Parameter Basics

21. Page 21 Mixed-Mode S-Parameter Basics

22. Page 22 Mixed-Mode S-Matrix Naming Convention: S mode res., mode stim., port res., port stim. Port 1 Port 2 Differential-Mode Stimulus Common-Mode Stimulus Differential- Mode Response Port 1 Port 2 Port 1 Port 2 Common- Mode Response

23. Page 23 Mixed-Mode S-Matrix: DD Quadrant Input Reflection Output ReflectionForward Transmission Reverse Transmission Describes Fundamental Performance in Pure Differential-Mode Operation

24. Page 24 Hybrid Network: Divides Signals Differentially Combines Signals Differentially Conceptual View of DD Quadrant Stimulus Response Stimulus Response Stimulus Response Stimulus Response Stimulus Response Stimulus Response Stimulus Response Stimulus Response Differential Divide/Combine Differential Divide/In-Phase Combine In-Phase Divide/Differential Combine In-Phase Divide/Combine

25. Page 25 Mixed-Mode S-Matrix: CC Quadrant Input Reflection Output ReflectionForward Transmission Reverse Transmission Describes Fundamental Performance in Pure Common-Mode Operation

26. Page 26 Conceptual View of CC Quadrant Stimulus Response Stimulus Response Stimulus Response Stimulus Response Stimulus Response Stimulus Response Stimulus Response Stimulus Response Differential Divide/Combine Differential Divide/In-Phase Combine In-Phase Divide/Differential Combine In-Phase Divide/Combine Hybrid Network: Divides Signals In-Phase Combines Signals In-Phase

27. Page 27 Mixed-Mode S-Matrix: CD Quadrant Input Reflection Output ReflectionForward Transmission Reverse Transmission Describes Conversion of a Differential-Mode Stimulus to a Common- Mode Response Terms Are Ideally Equal to Zero with Perfect Symmetry Related to the Generation of EMI

28. Page 28 Conceptual View of CD Quadrant Stimulus Response Stimulus Response Stimulus Response Stimulus Response Stimulus Response Stimulus Response Stimulus Response Stimulus Response Differential Divide/Combine Differential Divide/In-Phase Combine In-Phase Divide/Differential Combine In-Phase Divide/Combine Network: Divides Signals Differentially Combines Signals In-Phase

29. Page 29 Mixed-Mode S-Matrix: DC Quadrant Input Reflection Output ReflectionForward Transmission Reverse Transmission Describes Conversion of a Common-Mode Stimulus to a Differential- Mode Response Terms Are Ideally Equal to Zero with Perfect Symmetry Related to the Susceptibility to EMI

30. Page 30 Conceptual View of DC Quadrant Stimulus Response Stimulus Response Stimulus Response Stimulus Response Stimulus Response Stimulus Response Stimulus Response Stimulus Response Differential Divide/Combine Differential Divide/In-Phase Combine In-Phase Divide/Differential Combine In-Phase Divide/Combine Network: Divides Signals In-Phase Combines Signals Differentially

31. Page 31 Differenti al Mode Stimulus Single Ended Stimulus Common Mode Stimulus Port 2Port 1Port 2 Port 1 Differential Mode Response Common Mode Response Single Ended Response Port 2 Port 1 (unbalanced) Port 2 (balanced) Differential Mode Common Mode Single-Ended Three-Terminal Devices

32. Page 32 Outline Characteristics of Differential Topologies Measurement Alternatives Unbalanced and Balanced Performance Parameters Balanced Devices Design Methodology Measurement Example Conclusion

33. Page 33 What are the simultaneous conjugate input and output matching impedances of the following circuit? Brain Teaser #1 Single-ended 2-port

34. Page 34 What are the simultaneous conjugate input and output matching impedances of the following circuit? Brain Teaser #1: Answers Single-ended 2-port where: Well-documented relationship between simultaneous conjugate match and s- parameters.

35. Page 35 Brain Teaser #2 What are the simultaneous conjugate input and output matching impedances of the following circuit? Differential 2-port

36. Page 36 Brain Teaser #2: Answers What are the simultaneous conjugate input and output matching impedances of the following circuit? Differential 2-port where: Reduce performance of differential circuit to a single mode of operation using mixed-mode s-parameters, and follow same procedure as single-ended 2-port.

37. Page 37 Simultaneous Conjugate Match: Single-Ended vs. Differential Single-Ended 2-Port where: Differential 2-Port where:

38. Page 38 Balanced Device Design Methodology Matching Example can be Also be Extended to Other Design Considerations (K, MAG, VSWR, Z, etc.) Reason is Parallel Approach to Parameter Derivation For Balanced Device, Use Identical Approach as Single-Ended Design Isolate Balanced Device to Specific Mode – Substitute Parameters – Example: (S nm S DDnm )

39. Page 39 Outline Characteristics of Differential Topologies Measurement Alternatives Unbalanced and Balanced Performance Parameters Balanced Devices Design Methodology Measurement Example Conclusion

40. Page 40 Port 1 Port 3 Port 2 Port 4 Single-Ended Representation (Conventional S-Parameters) Balanced Representation (Mixed-Mode S-Parameters) Port 1Port 2 SAW Filter Measurement Example

41. Page 41 Reference Z = 350 (all ports) Capacitive Component to Port Matches Insertion Loss (14.5dB) Input-Input Coupling Output-Output Coupling Port 1 Port 3 Port 2 Port 4 Single-Ended SAW Filter Performance

42. Page 42 Port 1Port 2 Z 0 = 700 Differential Stimulus Common Response Common Stimulus Differential Response Z 0 = 175 Differential Stimulus Differential Response Common Stimulus Common Response Reference Z depends on mode Well-matched differentially Reflective in common mode Insertion Loss (8.9dB) Mode conversion Common Mode rejection (60dB) Balanced SAW Filter Performance

43. Page 43 Outline Characteristics of Differential Topologies Measurement Alternatives Unbalanced and Balanced Performance Parameters Balanced Devices Design Methodology Measurement Example Conclusion

44. Page 44 Better accuracy than measurements made with a Balun Uses existing Calibration standards Comprehensive characterization (D-D, C-C, D-C, C-D) Describes behavior in intended operating mode – not misleading like Single-Ended data Insight into system performance considerations Conclusions