1. Presentations of Readings Precursors & Classics (Continued) Precursors & Classics (Continued) –Bloch pp.150-155 –Bastide, Warner pp. 157-167. –Evans-Pritchard, Lévi-Strauss, pp. 168-176 History, Memory, Identity History, Memory, Identity –Assmann, Berger 207-220 –Zerubavel, Olick, Bellah et al. 221-231 –Zerubavel, Schwartz, pp.237-247

2. Marc Bloch Memory work as process Memory work as process How are memories passed from generation to generation? How are memories passed from generation to generation? Central role of memory as communication between individuals Central role of memory as communication between individuals Questions about fit between ritual & stories Questions about fit between ritual & stories Importance of questioning errors in collective memory narratives Importance of questioning errors in collective memory narratives

3. Bastide Analysis of book on African descended Brasilians (Arthur Ramos) Analysis of book on African descended Brasilians (Arthur Ramos) Religion & myths as tradition Religion & myths as tradition Survival of memory Survival of memory Loss as a product of social change Loss as a product of social change functionalist & psychoanalytical approaches point to importance of social frameworks for memories to survive functionalist & psychoanalytical approaches point to importance of social frameworks for memories to survive Social continuity depends on structural continuity Social continuity depends on structural continuity Localization of memories in objects, places Localization of memories in objects, places Motor memory, intellectual memory Motor memory, intellectual memory Importance of social structures (sect, sacred space, secrets) Importance of social structures (sect, sacred space, secrets)

4. W. Lloyd Warner Symbolic life of Americans—analysis of Memorial Day in US Symbolic life of Americans—analysis of Memorial Day in US Cults & importance of remembrance rituals commemorating the dead for ideas about living & the future Cults & importance of remembrance rituals commemorating the dead for ideas about living & the future Social rituals as present expressions that are evocative & non-rational Social rituals as present expressions that are evocative & non-rational

5. Evans-Pritchard Oecology- ”environmental spacing and interdependence of people and institutions, as in rural or in urban settings” Oecology- ”environmental spacing and interdependence of people and institutions, as in rural or in urban settings” Time reckoning of Nuer –cyclical but events not evenly distributed Time reckoning of Nuer –cyclical but events not evenly distributed Steps in lineages—limits to notion of historical time Steps in lineages—limits to notion of historical time Time a way of structuring relationships between people (past and present) Time a way of structuring relationships between people (past and present)

6. Lévi-Strauss Notion of distinction between ‘savage’ or primative & civilized peoples Notion of distinction between ‘savage’ or primative & civilized peoples links between ‘totemic’ myths & contemporary archives or cultural heritage institutions links between ‘totemic’ myths & contemporary archives or cultural heritage institutions Ways of inserting irrationality into systems that grant physical traces the power to keep some of history to survive Ways of inserting irrationality into systems that grant physical traces the power to keep some of history to survive

7. Assmann Communicative vs cultural memory Communicative vs cultural memory Mnemohistory—how the past is remembered Mnemohistory—how the past is remembered Not about truth but identity Not about truth but identity ’concretization of identity’ ’concretization of identity’ Reconstruction within contemporary frame of reference (establishes a horizon) Reconstruction within contemporary frame of reference (establishes a horizon) Institutionalized heritage Institutionalized heritage Organization (cultivation) Organization (cultivation) Obligation (formative & normative)d Obligation (formative & normative)d Reflexivity Reflexivity

8. Peter Berger Phenomenological approach Phenomenological approach Consciousness Consciousness Movement through different social worlds Movement through different social worlds Changes in meaning systems linked to changes in social relationships, changes in consciousness Changes in meaning systems linked to changes in social relationships, changes in consciousness

9. E. Zerubavel More on his methodology in second part of class More on his methodology in second part of class Mnemonic communities & traditions Mnemonic communities & traditions Sociolobriographical memory Sociolobriographical memory

10. Olick: Collected vs. Collective traditions Collected vs. Collective traditions individualistic theories, social groups individualistic theories, social groups Collectivist challenges to idea of individual memory (groups constituted through memory) Collectivist challenges to idea of individual memory (groups constituted through memory)

11. Habits of the Heart Practices of commitment to ‘futures of hope’ Practices of commitment to ‘futures of hope’ Importance for social solidarity Importance for social solidarity

12. Yael Zerubavel Master commemorative narratives Master commemorative narratives Distinctive social identity Distinctive social identity Historical development Historical development Transformation of historical time into commemorative time Transformation of historical time into commemorative time Events as turning points Events as turning points Tensions—memory as dynamic cultural force Tensions—memory as dynamic cultural force

13. Barry Schwartz Study of historical reputations Study of historical reputations Not just present politics Not just present politics Memory studies not just about why but how collective memory is constructed Memory studies not just about why but how collective memory is constructed Need to theorize on both variations & explain persistence Need to theorize on both variations & explain persistence

14. Time Maps & Framing/Containing Memory prehistoryhistory origin

15. Today’s Class Lecture & Discussion Themes Lecture & Discussion Themes –Time Maps & Collective Memory –If time: begin thinking about Collected Personal Memories vs. Collective Memory Film Screening Film Screening

16. Time Frames in Collective Memory Studies Salvador Dali, The Persistence of Memory, 1931 Assumptions about mnemonic traces Assumptions about mnemonic traces –Cognitive vs. unconscious processes –History vs. representations of the past –“mental” structures

17. Processes & Forms for Framing Memory in time “Sociomental” topography of how communities remember the past “Sociomental” topography of how communities remember the past Unconventional approach to links between conventional ideas of ‘history’ & public/collecctive memory Unconventional approach to links between conventional ideas of ‘history’ & public/collecctive memory mnemonic traditions mnemonic traditions –“recalling the past together” & synchronizing attention on particular moments –social norms of remembering –Mnemonic transitivity (allows memory to pass from one person to another even when there is no directe contact)

18. Communication of memories Mnemonic “go-betweens” (ex. Old people) Mnemonic “go-betweens” (ex. Old people) Oral or written accounts Oral or written accounts visual resources (ex. Photo albums, books) visual resources (ex. Photo albums, books) Material culture (monuments, Halls of Fame, artifacts, art, other artifacts, i.e. licence plates) Material culture (monuments, Halls of Fame, artifacts, art, other artifacts, i.e. licence plates) Practices (pageants, anniversaries) Practices (pageants, anniversaries) Laws Laws

19. “Triggers”, memory retrieval (Mnemonic devices) –Words, facts, skills, events –Ideals, goals, intentions, promises –Feelings, states-of-mind, earlier selves etc… –Things, odours, ex. Madeleine (Marcel Proust, Remembrance of things past, triggered by smell and taste of Madeleines, a style of French cake)

20. “Time Maps” & the Social Shaping of Memory (E. Zerubavel) Questions of relevance Questions of relevance Long and short term Long and short term Eventful and uneventful periods Eventful and uneventful periods Connections Connections Discontinuities Discontinuities

21. Analyzing the Structures of Socio- Mental memory traditions 1. conventional ways of stringing memories together into culturally-meaningful narratives 2. strategies to create the illusion of historical continuity (bridges) 3. genealogical structures of ancestry & descent 4. “watersheds” that separate one period from the next & inflating mental divides 5. The social construction of “beginnings” (origin “myths” and the legitimation of claims about the past)

22. (1)Plotlines & Narrative Forms Establish connections in narratives, Establish connections in narratives, scenarios, plotlines scenarios, plotlines Mental historical outlooks, Mental historical outlooks, Selective use of history, Selective use of history, Often anticipate future Often anticipate future Progress narratives

23. Plotlines & Narrative Forms Decline narratives Both imply single direction

24. Zigzag Narratives Conversion Conversion Recovery Recovery Rise & fall Rise & fall

25. Evolutionary narratives Unilinear (deterministic) Unilinear (deterministic) Multilinear Multilinear (ex. Cladograms--branching)

26. Circles (Cycles), recurrence recurrence

27. Cycles (Rhymes)

28. Zodiac & Lunar Calendar (Chinese & Western Calendar approximations)

29. Western (Solar-Lunar combo.) Calendar Systems Combination of Bablyonian & Greco-Roman astrological & astronomical theories & myths Combination of Bablyonian & Greco-Roman astrological & astronomical theories & myths 24 hour day & 7 day week 24 hour day & 7 day week nomenclature based on cycle named for 7 heavenly bodies (visible with ancient technologies) & associations with deities in Greco-Roman & other pantheons nomenclature based on cycle named for 7 heavenly bodies (visible with ancient technologies) & associations with deities in Greco-Roman & other pantheons –Sunday (heavenly body ascendant in first hour of first day--Sun) –Monday (moon) –Tuesday (Mars—God of War) –Wednesday (Mercury) –Thursday (Jupiter) –Friday (Venus) –Saturday (Saturn)

30. Density Variations --Mountains and valleys –eventful vs. uneventful moments in the past –Unevenly distributed

31. Commemgram example Eventful times, Eventful times, Multiple pasts Multiple pasts

32. Tasbaski Preparations-Senegal Tabaski (Wolof) –l Aïd-el-Kebir

33. 2-Creating Historical Continuity by bridging gaps Linking noncontiguous points in time or place to establish continuity Linking noncontiguous points in time or place to establish continuity –Same place –Same things (relics & memorabilia) –Imitation of the past (ex. Courtroom etiquette religious ritual) –“same” time (commemorative holidays, reenactments, seasonal identity

34. Historical “Phrasing” in Narratives Musical terms Musical terms Legato (connected) Legato (connected) Staccato (breaks) Staccato (breaks)

35. 3--Mapping connections with the past through ancestry & descent (models for contact chains) Not always based on consanguinity Not always based on consanguinity historical contact chains historical contact chains continuous structures continuous structures

36. Mnemonic pasting

37. Interconnectedness Genealogical Distance (consanguinity) Genealogical Distance (consanguinity) Ancestral depth (# of generations) Ancestral depth (# of generations)

38. Phylogenetic Tree

39. Time and Social Distance Not just people Can be practices, things, events

40. Cousinhood & Ancestral Depth

41. Monogenist & Polygenist Models of Human Descent Socio- mnemonic dimensions of ancestry Socio- mnemonic dimensions of ancestry

42. Another look at Phylogeny

43. Divergence Modelling

44. 4-Discontinuities: Mnemonic Cutting & Shaping Memory Conceptualizing Discontinuities (breaks) Conceptualizing Discontinuities (breaks)

45. Assimilation & Difference Periods, epochs as mnemonic transformation of historical continuum Periods, epochs as mnemonic transformation of historical continuum

46. History & Prehistory in Mnemonic Traditions-- decapitation

47. History & Prehistory in Mnemonic Traditions Example: Pre-contact and Post contact history of N. America Example: Pre-contact and Post contact history of N. America

48. Lumping & Splitting in Narratives

49. 5-Beginnings and Claims based on the Past

50. Film Clip Screening: