1. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 1 PsychSmart INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

2. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 2 CHAPTER FOUR: CHAPTER FOUR: STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS

3. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 3 Consciousness Awareness of the sensations, thoughts, and feelings we experience at a given moment Awareness of the sensations, thoughts, and feelings we experience at a given moment Waking consciousness Waking consciousness Altered states of consciousness Altered states of consciousness

4. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 4 Sleep and Dreams What are the different states of consciousness? What are the different states of consciousness? What happens when we sleep, and what are the meaning and function of dreams? What happens when we sleep, and what are the meaning and function of dreams? What are the major sleep disorders, and how can they be treated? What are the major sleep disorders, and how can they be treated?

5. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 5 The Stages of Sleep Stage 1 Stage 1 Characterized by rapid, low-amplitude brain waves Characterized by rapid, low-amplitude brain waves Stage 2 Stage 2 Slower, more regular wave pattern Slower, more regular wave pattern Sleep spindles Sleep spindles Stage 3 Stage 3 Higher peaks and lower valleys of waves Higher peaks and lower valleys of waves Stage 4 Stage 4 Slower and more regular wave pattern Slower and more regular wave pattern Least responsive to outside stimulation Least responsive to outside stimulation

6. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 6 The Sleep Cycle Stages of Sleep Brain Waves Graph Figure 1 of Chapter 4

7. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 7 REM Sleep: The Paradox of Sleep Rapid Eye Movement Rapid Eye Movement Back-and-forth movement of one’s eyes Back-and-forth movement of one’s eyes Accompanied by dreams Accompanied by dreams Muscles appear to be paralyzed Muscles appear to be paralyzed Rebound effect Rebound effect

8. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 8 Why Do We Sleep, and How Much Sleep Is Necessary? The exact reason for sleep is unknown The exact reason for sleep is unknown Several theories exist Several theories exist Most people sleep between seven and eight hours per night Most people sleep between seven and eight hours per night Varies among individuals Varies among individuals

9. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 9 Why Do We Sleep, and How Much Sleep Is Necessary? Number of Hours People Sleep Each Night Figure 3 of Chapter 4

10. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 10 The Function and Meaning of Dreams What Do People Dream About? Figure 4 of Chapter 4

11. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 11 The Function and Meaning of Dreams Unconscious Wish Fulfillment Theory Unconscious Wish Fulfillment Theory Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud Latent content of dreams Latent content of dreams Manifest content of dreams Manifest content of dreams Dreams-for-Survival Theory Dreams-for-Survival Theory Permit one to reconsider and reprocess during sleep information that is critical for one’s daily survival Permit one to reconsider and reprocess during sleep information that is critical for one’s daily survival

12. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 12 The Function and Meaning of Dreams Activation-Synthesis Theory Activation-Synthesis Theory The brain produces random electrical energy during REM sleep possibly as a result of changes in the production of particular neurotransmitters. This change then stimulates random memories that are turned into a storyline. The brain produces random electrical energy during REM sleep possibly as a result of changes in the production of particular neurotransmitters. This change then stimulates random memories that are turned into a storyline.

13. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 13 The Function and Meaning of Dreams Three Theories of Dreams Figure 5 of Chapter 4

14. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 14 Sleep Disturbances Insomnia Insomnia Sleep Apnea Sleep Apnea Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) Narcolepsy Narcolepsy Night Terrors Night Terrors Sleep Talking Sleep Talking Sleep Walking Sleep Walking

15. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 15 Circadian Rhythms Biological processes that occur regularly on approximately a twenty-four-hour cycle Biological processes that occur regularly on approximately a twenty-four-hour cycle Figure 6 of Chapter 4

16. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 16 Getting a Good Night’s Sleep Exercise during the day Exercise during the day Choose a regular bedtime and stick to it Choose a regular bedtime and stick to it Avoid drinks with caffeine after lunch Avoid drinks with caffeine after lunch Drink a glass of warm milk at bedtime Drink a glass of warm milk at bedtime Try not to sleep Try not to sleep

17. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 17 Hypnosis and Meditation What is hypnosis? What is hypnosis? Are hypnotized people in a different state of consciousness? Are hypnotized people in a different state of consciousness? What are the effects of meditation? What are the effects of meditation?

18. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 18 Hypnosis: A Trance-Forming Experience? A trance-like state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others A trance-like state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others Susceptibility to hypnosis varies greatly Susceptibility to hypnosis varies greatly 5-20% of people can’t be hypnotized 5-20% of people can’t be hypnotized 15% very easily hypnotized 15% very easily hypnotized Daydreamers and people who are easily absorbed in books and music are more easily hypnotized Daydreamers and people who are easily absorbed in books and music are more easily hypnotized People cannot be hypnotized against their will People cannot be hypnotized against their will

19. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 19 Hypnosis: A Trance-Forming Experience? A Different State of Consciousness? A Different State of Consciousness? Uses Uses Controlling pain Controlling pain Reducing smoking Reducing smoking Treating psychological disorders Treating psychological disorders Improving athletic performance Improving athletic performance

20. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 20 Meditation: Regulating Our Own Consciousness Learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness Learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness Repetition of a mantra Repetition of a mantra

21. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 21 Meditation: Regulating Our Own Consciousness Brain Scans of Expert and Novice Meditators Figure 7 of Chapter 4

22. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 22 Drug Use: The Highs and Lows of Consciousness What are the major classifications of drugs, and what are their effects? What are the major classifications of drugs, and what are their effects?

23. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 23 Drug Use: The Highs and Lows of Consciousness Psychoactive Drugs Psychoactive Drugs Influence a person’s emotions, perceptions, and behavior Influence a person’s emotions, perceptions, and behavior Examples: coffee, alcohol, cocaine Examples: coffee, alcohol, cocaine Addictive Drugs Addictive Drugs Produce a biological or psychological dependence in the user Produce a biological or psychological dependence in the user Examples: nicotine, heroin Examples: nicotine, heroin

24. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 24 Drug Use: The Highs and Lows of Consciousness Drug Use by High School Seniors Figure 8 of Chapter 4

25. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 25 Drug Use: The Highs and Lows of Consciousness Effects of Drugs on Neurotransmitters Figure 9 of Chapter 4

26. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 26 Stimulants: Drug Highs Drugs whose effect on the central nervous system causes a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension Drugs whose effect on the central nervous system causes a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension Caffeine Caffeine Nicotine Nicotine Amphetamines Amphetamines Methamphetamine Methamphetamine Cocaine Cocaine

27. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 27 Stimulants: Drug Highs Levels of Caffeine in Common Beverages and Drugs Figure 10 of Chapter 4

28. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 28 Drug Use and Their Effects Figure 11 of Chapter 4

29. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 29 Depressants: Drug Lows Impedes the nervous system by causing neurons to fire more slowly Impedes the nervous system by causing neurons to fire more slowly Alcohol Alcohol Intoxication Intoxication Binge drinking Binge drinking

30. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 30 Alcohol Effects of Alcohol Figure 13 of Chapter 4

31. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 31 Barbiturates Form of Depressant Form of Depressant Prescribed by physicians to induce sleep or reduce stress Prescribed by physicians to induce sleep or reduce stress Rohypnol Rohypnol “Date rape” drug “Date rape” drug

32. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 32 Narcotics: Relieving Pain and Anxiety Morphine Morphine Heroin Heroin Methadone Methadone Synthetic chemical that satisfies a heroin user’s physiological cravings for the drug without providing the high that accompanies heroin Synthetic chemical that satisfies a heroin user’s physiological cravings for the drug without providing the high that accompanies heroin

33. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 33 Hallucinogens: Psychedelic Drugs Produces hallucinations, or changes in the perceptual process Produces hallucinations, or changes in the perceptual process Marijuana Marijuana Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) MDMA (Ecstasy) MDMA (Ecstasy) Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

34. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 34 Hallucinogens: Psychedelic Drugs Teenage Marijuana Use Figure 14 of Chapter 4