1. NIH Investment in the Science of Learning Robert M. Kaplan NIH Associate Director for Behavioral and Social Sciences Sabrina Liao Geehta Senthil Office of the Director

2. NIH Overview

3. “Science in pursuit of fundamental knowledge about the nature and behavior of living systems and the application of that knowledge to extend healthy life and reduce the burdens of illness and disability.”... The National Institutes of Health The Nation’s Steward of Medical & Behavioral Research

4. NEI NCI NHLBI NLM NINDS NIMH NIAMS NINR NCCAM NHGRI NIA NIAAA NIAID NICHD NIDCD NIDCR NIDDK NIDA NIEHS OD NIGMS NCATS NIBIB FIC CSR NIMHD CC CIT Extramural only NIH Institutes and Centers No Funding Authority DPCPSI: OBSSR, ORWH, OAR, ODP Soon to be added: Office of Data Science

5. Spending at NIH NIH Extramural & Intramural Funding FY 2012 Enacted: $30.9 Billion Spending Outside NIH $25.7 B $5.2 B

6. NIH’s Impact on U.S. Health and Medicine U.S. Life Expectancy Reduction in deaths from:  Heart disease  Stroke  HIV/AIDS Increased survival rates for:  Breast cancer  Cervical cancer  Colon cancer NIH Accomplishments Life expectancy gains worth ~$3.2 trillion annually Cancer rates now falling ~1% per year; each 1% drop saves ~$500 billion Cardiovascular disease death rates have fallen > 60% in the last half-century HIV therapies enable people in their 20s to live to age 70+

7. Impact of NIH-Supported Research On U.S. Economy  In 2011, NIH research supported 432,000 jobs at more than 2,500 institutions, small businesses nationwide  In 2011, NIH funding generated $62 billion in new economic activity—double taxpayers’ investment  NIH serves as foundation for entire U.S. medical innovation sector that: –Employs 1 million U.S. citizens –Generates $84 billion in wages, salaries –Exports $90 billion in goods, services Source: An Economic Engine: NIH Research, Employment and the Future of the Medical Innovation Sector, United Medical Research, May 2011

8. NIH Priorities  Basic Research on Human Health and Disease  Translational Research  Fund Training and Biomedical Workforce Development

9. Spending at NIH NIH Extramural & Intramural Funding FY 2012 Enacted: $30.9 Billion 83% 17% Spending Outside NIH $25.7 B –Supports over 300,000 Scientists & Research Personnel –Supports over 2,500 Institutions –$3.4 B Intramural Research –$1.5 B Research Management & Support –$0.3 B Buildings and Facilities, Other $5.2 B

10. Science of Learning Portfolio Searched Query/View/Response (QVR) for projects containing learning keywords and developed a fingerprint. 965 funded projects for FY 2010, 2011 and 2012. There are a few duplicates for the list of 2011 and 2012 as they contain Type 5s of some projects from prior years. In order to have unique representation of each project, we focused on all competing and non- competing projects for FY 2010 and only competing projects for subsequent years. This resulted in 560 projects. The following slides depict scientific categories within these projects, created using PVIZ (portfolio visualization tool). This tool is based on Carrot 2 ‘Lingo’ clustering algorithm. Further details on this algorithm can be obtained at http://project.carrot2.org/algorithms.html http://project.carrot2.org/algorithms.html

11. Search Terms learning, social learning, molecular learning, neural processes of learning, neural learning, cognitive learning, social influences, cognitive processes of learning, animal learning, neurological learning, molecular basis of learning, machine learning, cognitive processes of learning, social influences on learning, cognitive basis of learning, neurological basis of learning, artificial intelligence, artificial intelligence learning, human learning.

12. All competing and non-competing awarded projects FY 2010-FY2012 Circular visualization of 965 Projects

13. Brain Category (20 Projects) Few Exa mples: Transgenic Zebra Finches: New Tool for Studying Learning and Brain Repair. The Neurobiology of Social Decision- Making Aging and the Cognitive and Neural Bases of Implicit Associative Learning Developmental Trajectories of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia Neural mechanisms of speech learning in older adults Behavioral and Neurologic Factors in Speech Learning The Learning Brain - Interactive Inquiry for Teachers and Students Associative learning and brain structure in individuals at risk for dementia All competing and non- competing awarded projects for FY 2010 and only competing projects for FY 2011 and FY2012 Circular visualization of 560 Projects

14. This visualization is useful to show overlap and inter-relationships between the selected categories/topics. The figure below shows the projects that overlap multiple categories, for example there four projects that belong to both ‘Cell Signaling’ and ‘Implicit Learning ‘ categories Major categories within Learning portfolio Sub-category within major category ‘Implicit Learning ‘ Aduna visualization of 560 Projects

15. Treemap visualization By funding associated with ICs

16. Treemap visualization By funding associated with Institutions

17. Word Cloud

18. Total Projects & Funding (Exact Phrase) KeywordProjectsTotal Funding Machine Learning484$214,298,943 Social Learning250$97,223,356 Cognitive Processes215$66,056,145 Neural Processes115$38,162,461 Artificial Intelligence42$16,627,219 Social Influences44$15,437,001 Cognitive Learning13$3,245,635 Neural Learning6$2,147,236 Animal Learning8$1,208,612 Cognitive Processes of Learning2$697,254 Neural Processes of Learning1$381,822 Molecular Basis of Learning1$288,341 Molecular Learning1$170,402

19. Machine Learning (486) ProjectsTotal Funding 486$214,298,943

20. Neural Processes (115) ProjectsTotal Funding 115$38,162,461

21. Artificial Intelligence (42) ProjectsTotal Funding 42$16,627,219

22. Cognitive Learning (13) ProjectsTotal Funding 13$3,245,635

23. Animal Learning (8) ProjectsTotal Funding 8$1,208,612

24. Social Learning (250) ProjectsTotal Funding 250$97,223,356

25. Cognitive Processes (215) ProjectsTotal Funding 215$66,056,145

26. Social Influences (44) ProjectsTotal Funding 44$15,437,001

27. Neural Learning (6) ProjectsTotal Funding 6$2,147,236

28. Cognitive Processes of Learning (2) ProjectsTotal Funding 2$697,254 NIMH (2) $697,254

29. Neural Processes of Learning (1) ProjectsTotal Funding 1$381,822 NIMH (1) $381,822

30. Molecular Basis of Learning (1) ProjectsTotal Funding 1$288,341 NINDS (1) $288,341

31. Molecular Learning (1) ProjectsTotal Funding 1$170,402 NINDS (1) $170,402