1. Yalta Conference February 1945  Temporary division of Germany into 4 zones  “Free & unfettered” elections  Join war against Japan  International conference

2. Tensions U.S.: Upset that Stalin had been an ally of Germany and only sided with Allies after invasion in June 1941 Soviet Union: Resented the delay in opening of 2 nd European front by Allies

3. Allies Clash United States Capitalism: Private citizens control almost all economic activity Citizens vote to elect the President and Congress Competing political parties Soviet Union Communism: State controlled all property and economic activity Communist party established a totalitarian government No opposing parties

4. Different agendas United States  New world order in which all nations have the right to self determination  Gain access to raw materials and markets for its products  Rebuild European governments to ensure stability & create new markets for American goods  Reunite Germany because Europe would be more secure if Germany were productive Soviet Union  Encourage Communism in other countries  Rebuild its war-ravaged economy using Eastern Europe’s industrial equipment and raw materials  Control Eastern Europe to balance U.S. influence in Western Europe  Keep Germany divided and weak so that it would never again threaten the Soviet Union

5. “ An iron curtain has descended across the continent” Winston Churchill Satellite Nations: Countries dominated politically and economically by the Soviet Union Iron Curtain: Phrase used by Winston Churchill in 1946 to describe an imaginary line that separated Communist countries in the Soviet bloc of Eastern Europe from other European countries.

6. Foreign policy Cold War: Indirect but hostile conflict between the U.S. and the Soviet Union from 1945-1991. The Truman Doctrine: U.S. policy to provide economic and military aid to free nations threatened by internal or external opponents.  Primary goal was containment of communism  $400 million in aid to Turkey & Greece

7. Economic policy George C. Marshall proposed that the U.S. provide aid to all European nations that needed it. “Not directed against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos.” The Marshall Plan – United States supplied economic aid to European nations to help them rebuild after WWII.  16 countries participated  $13 billion in aid received  Stalin refused aid

8. Military Policy NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): A defensive military alliance formed in 1949 by various Western European countries, the U.S. and Canada. 1 st time U.S. joined a military alliance during peacetime.  Similar to the League of Nations proposed after WWI.  Americans were now willing to give up sovereignty in order to avoid future worldwide conflicts.

9. Berlin Blockade  France, Britain & U.S. reunify Western Germany  West Berlin is located in Soviet occupied territory  Stalin cuts off highway & rail access  U.S. & Britain airlift vital supplies to West Berlin

10. Review  What was the primary objective of the Truman Doctrine?  What countries were supposed to benefit from the Marshall Plan?  What is the significance of NATO?  How did the Allies respond to Stalin’s Berlin blockade?

11. CHINA Mao Zedong  Communist Leader  Encouraged peasants to learn to read  Helped improve food production  By 1945 much of northern China was under Communist control Chiang Kai-shek  Nationalist Leader  U.S. officials viewed his government as inefficient & corrupt  Policies & tactics were highly questionable

12. CIVIL WAR ERUPTS  1944-1947: U.S. acts as a peacemaker  $2 billion in aid to Nationalists  May 1949: Chiang and his government fled to Taiwan (Formosa)  China falls to Communism. Containment policy fails.

13. Korea  Divided after WWII  38 th parallel marked the division between North & South Korea  North: Democratic People’s Republic of Korea led by Kim Il Sung  South: Republic of Korea led by Syngman Rhee

14. Stage 1  June 25, 1950: North Korean troops invade  June 27, 1950: Truman orders troops into Korea  16 nations sent troops (90% were American)

15. STAGE 2  North Korea drives south, captures Seoul.  UN & South Korean troops pushed to Pusan in the southeast corner of Korea.

16. STAGE 3  General MacArthur launches a counter attack  Surprise amphibious landing at Inchon  Troops also march north from Pusan  North Korean troops surrendered or fled across 38 th parallel

17. STAGE 4  UN troops chase retreating North Korean troops across the 38 th parallel  November 1950: UN troops reach the Yalu River  On the verge of victory in Korea

18. STAGE 5  China enters the fight  UN troops forced back across the 38 th parallel

19. STAGE 6  Stalemate: Neither side is able to gain any ground  MacArthur recommends extending the war into China  Armistice ends the war in July 1953

20. Final Outcome  Communism had been contained, but Korea was still divided  54,000 American lives lost  $67 billion spent  Dwight D. Eisenhower elected 1952  Fear of Communism increased  Prompted the hunt for “Communist” in America

21. “In a free country, we punish men for the crimes they commit, but never for the opinions they have” Harry S Truman

22. HUAC  House Un-American Activities Committee  1947: Began investigating Communist influence in the movie industry  Accused people of sneaking propaganda into films

23. Hollywood ten  10 “Unfriendly” witnesses refused to testify  Felt that hearings were unconstitutional  Sent to prison because they refused to testify  Anyone else who was suspected of being Communist was blacklisted

24. SPIES WITHIN  Minor activists in American Communist Party  Accused of leaking information about the atomic bomb to U.S.S.R.  Denied charges & pled the 5 th. Claimed they were being persecuted because they were Jewish and had radical beliefs.  Found guilty of espionage and sentenced to death. Julius & Ethel Rosenberg

25. SPIES WITHIN  Alger Hiss, former State Dept. official  Accused of spying for the U.S.S.R.  Could not charge with espionage because too much time had passed  Convicted of perjury Richard Nixon gained fame for pursuing charges against Hiss

26. McCarthyism  Joseph McCarthy: Republican Senator from Wisconsin  Used anti-Communist platform to get re-elected  Unsubstantiated attacks Accusations without proof  Claimed to have the names of 57, 81 and 205 Communists in the State Department

27. If you had lived in this period and had been accused of being a Communist, what would you have done?