1. Introduction to metabolism Biochemistry, 4 th edition, RH Garrett & CM Grisham, Brooks/Cole (Cengage); Boston, MA: 2010 pp 511-534 Instructor: Kirill Popov

2. 1.Metabolism and metabolic pathways 2.Biochemistry of phosphate compounds 3.Oxidation-reduction reactions 4.Vitamins and co-enzymes

23. Relative Changes in [ATP] and [AMP] When ATP Is Consumed Adenine nucleotide Concentration before ATP depletion (mM) Concentration after ATP depletion (mM) Relative change ATP5.04.510% ADP1.0 0 AMP0.10.6600%

27. Vitamins and Coenzymes VitaminCoenzyme Form Water-Soluble Niacin (nicotinic acid) Riboflavin (vitamin B 2 ) Thiamine (vitamin B 1 ) Pantothenic acid Pyridoxal, piridoxine (vitamin B 6 ) Cobalamine (vitamin B 12 ) Biotin Lipoic acid Folic acid NAD +, NADP + FAD, FMN Thiamine pyrophosphate Coenzyme A Pyridoxal phosphate 5’-Deoxyadenosylcobalomine Biotin-lysine Lipoyl-lysine Tetrahydrofolate Fat-Soluble Retinol (vitamin A) Cholecalciferol (vitamin D 3 ) α-Tocopherol (vitamin E) Vitamin K

44. 1.Living cells constantly perform work. They require energy for maintaining their highly organized structures, synthesizing cellular components, generating electric currents, and many other processes 2.ATP is a chemical link between catabolism and anabolism. The exorgonic conversion of ATP to ADP and P i, or to AMP and PP i is coupled to many endergonic reactions and processes. ATP provides the energy for anabolic processes through the group transfer reactions. In many organisms, a central energy-conserving process is the stepwise oxidation of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids to CO 2, in which some of the energy of oxidation is conserved in ATP as electrons are passed to oxygen 3.Many biological oxidation reactions are dehydrogenations in which one or two hydrogen atoms are transferred from a substrate to a hydrogen acceptor 4.NAD and NADP are the freely diffusible coenzymes of many dehydrogenases. They accept two electrons and one proton. FAD and FMN, the flavin nucleotides, serve as tightly-bound prosthetic groups of flavoproteins. They can accept either one or two electrons and one or two protons 5.Vitamins are essential nutrients that are required in the diet because they cannot be synthesized by the organism itself. Often they are components or precursors of coenzymes