1. Globalization Theme: Impact of globalization and related responses (2) 6 Impact of cultural globalization globalization

2. Theme Mind Map Different perceptions of globalization Different discourses on globalization Economic dimension of globalization Cultural dimension of globalization Different reactions to globalization The mainland and Hong Kong under globalization Impact of economic globalization 3 1 2 5 7 11 48 10 Political dimension of globalization Impact of political globalization Factors which influence the spread and evenness of the impact of globalization 9 Impact of globalization and related responses 6 Impact of cultural globalization

3. Exploration Journey 1: Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values? Impact of cultural globalization 6 Impact of cultural globalization To know about the arguments of cultural imperialism To analyze whether cultural globalization necessarily causes cultural homogeneity Exploration Journey 2: Cultural heterogeneity ─ Is it the ultimate consequence of cultural globalization? To learn about in what ways glocalization is manifested To explore the relationship between McDonaldization and cultural homogeneity To treasure and appreciate unique local cultures To understand the meaning of hybridization, glocalization and localization To assess the impact of cultural globalization on life To reflect upon the relationship between cultural globalization and cultural conflict To pay attention to the value of diversified cultures in a state of peace and harmony

4. Exploration Journey Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values? 1

5. Exploration Journey 1: Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values? Exploration Journey 1: Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values? Cultural imperialism manifests cultural homogenization What is the relationship between cultural imperialism and homogeneous culture? ‘Disneyization’ ‘Coca-colonization’ ‘McDonaldization’ Related terms of cultural imperialism

6. Cultural imperialism manifests cultural homogenization What is the relationship between cultural imperialism and homogeneous culture? The above terms reflect: Cultural power is not evenly distributed but is largely held by the West, which spreads its culture to different parts of the world, and this cultural flow is one-way. The result will be cultural homogenization. People will have a worldwide standardization of lifestyles. Exploration Journey 1: Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values? Exploration Journey 1: Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values?

7. Cultural imperialism manifests cultural homogenization What is the relationship between cultural imperialism and homogeneous culture? Some scholars point out ‘cultural imperialism’, they argue: Certain dominant cultures threaten to overwhelm other more vulnerable ones. Cultural imperialism triggers other discussions on cultural expansion and invasion. Exploration Journey 1: Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values? Exploration Journey 1: Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values?

8. Cultural imperialism manifests cultural homogenization What is the relationship between cultural imperialism and homogeneous culture? It is argued that cultural imperialism leads to the diffusion of Western values through the cultural products produced by transnational corporations, replacing other cultures. culture Exploration Journey 1: Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values? Exploration Journey 1: Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values?

9. Does McDonaldization reflect that transnational corporations promote a homogeneous culture? The definition of McDonaldization and its impact ‘McDonaldization’ describes the socio-cultural processes by which the business cultures of the fast food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world. Exploration Journey 1: Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values? Exploration Journey 1: Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values?

10. Four key aspects of McDonaldization: Does McDonaldization reflect that transnational corporations promote a homogeneous culture? The definition of McDonaldization and its impact These four aspects not only impact the customers and employees of McDonald’s, but have also spread to other modes of business operation and different sectors of society all over the world. Efficiency Calculability Predictability Control through the use of technology and automation Exploration Journey 1: Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values? Exploration Journey 1: Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values?

11. Does McDonaldization affect public health? Some critics point out that the mechanized operation of fast food restaurants weakens the creativity of humans and impersonalizes social relationships. Besides, fast food generally has low nutritional value (but is high in fat). This causes more and more people to suffer from serious health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer and youth obesity. Source: Adapted from various newspapers. Exploration Journey 1: Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values? Exploration Journey 1: Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values?

12. ‘McWorld’ is a symbol of cultural imperialism Scholars think that a social order, which is the so- called ‘McWorld’, is dominating everywhere. Here, profit making becomes the primary function of social organization and the individual is simply treated as a consumer. The relationship between the society and the individual is simplified into one of production and consumption. Does McDonaldization reflect that transnational corporations promote a homogeneous culture? Exploration Journey 1: Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values? Exploration Journey 1: Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values?

13. Travel is increasingly ‘McDonaldized’ Does McDonaldization reflect that transnational corporations promote a homogeneous culture? Under globalization, the shopping element is added to almost any contemporary leisure activity. Exploration Journey 1: Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values? Exploration Journey 1: Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values?

14. Travel is increasingly ‘McDonaldized’ Does McDonaldization reflect that transnational corporations promote a homogeneous culture? Travel activities can fully reflect how cultural and leisure practices are commodified, creating ‘McDonaldization of tourism’. Efficiency ＋ Calculability ＋ Predictability ＋ Can be controlled Exploration Journey 1: Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values? Exploration Journey 1: Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values?

15. Apart from tourism, what are the other aspects influenced by McDonaldization in your opinion? Exploration Journey 1: Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values? Exploration Journey 1: Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values?

16. What is the operational feature of transnational corporations? Advertising and marketing strategy The operational feature of transnational corporations is creating a brand effect and expanding through services, communication, entertainment and lifestyle under advertising and marketing. Through advertising and marketing, transnational corporations connect their products with people’s emotions and ways of life. New desires and wants are generated, and these are attached to specific commodities. Exploration Journey 1: Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values? Exploration Journey 1: Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values?

17. What is the operational feature of transnational corporations? Case: Coca-Cola tops the best global brand for nine years Coca-Cola adopts advertisements, diversification and localization as its main marketing strategies. Through business activities such as acquisition, Coca-Cola further diversifies the company’s beverage variety. Besides, Coca-Cola does not promote American values and concepts with a hard sell approach. Instead, it takes different cultures into thorough consideration, and hires local workers. Therefore, each of its production and marketing steps meets the local needs. Exploration Journey 1: Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values? Exploration Journey 1: Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values?

18. Does a homogeneous culture create a ‘one-language world’? English is a global language The development of Britain and the US in the 19th and 20th centuries has made English a global language. However, a few thousand languages are on the verge of extinction due to the dominance of English. Exploration Journey 1: Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values? Exploration Journey 1: Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values?

19. Proficiency in English （ % ） * Average mark: 0 = Unable to speak English; 1 = Able to speak a bit of English; 2 = Proficient English that can handle daily needs; 3 = Speaks fluent English. （ Source: Asian Barometer survey 2006.) ChinaVietnamHong Kong JapanKoreaSingaporeTaiwan Unable to speak English 60.044.927.832.627.33.551.7 Able to speak a bit of English 33.836.745.254.655.614.140.2 Proficient English that can handle daily needs 5.616.023.111.516.328.46.6 Speaks fluent English 0.72.43.91.30.854.01.5 Average mark*0.470.761.030.820.912.360.58 Rank7524316

20. Does a homogeneous culture create a ‘one-language world’? Putonghua will become the new global language As China’s economic power is getting stronger and more and more foreign students choose to learn Chinese, Putonghua has gradually become a new global language. Learning Putonghua has become an essential skill for people looking for opportunities in China. Exploration Journey 1: Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values? Exploration Journey 1: Does cultural globalization bring about homogeneity in ideas and values?

21. Exploration Journey 2 Cultural heterogeneity ─ Is it the ultimate consequence of cultural globalization?

22. Exploration Journey 2: Cultural heterogeneity─ Is it the ultimate consequence of cultural globalization? Exploration Journey 2: Cultural heterogeneity─ Is it the ultimate consequence of cultural globalization? Hybridization and glocalization Has cultural globalization brought cultural integration? Terms such as ‘hybridization’, ‘localization’ and ‘glocalization’ reflect the increasing heterogeneity in the cultural sphere and the widespread cultural mixing.

23. Hybridization and glocalization Has cultural globalization brought cultural integration? Hybridization: different cultures incorporate elements from each other, generating cultural life with integrated forms. Localization: Local people transform products from different parts of the world into products with local cultural features. Glocalization: It advocates the consideration of cultural differences to make adjustments to products and services when transnational corporations expand globally. Local cultural elements from different parts of the world are added to the products and services, so that the products can be amended to satisfy market demands everywhere. Exploration Journey 2: Cultural heterogeneity─ Is it the ultimate consequence of cultural globalization? Exploration Journey 2: Cultural heterogeneity─ Is it the ultimate consequence of cultural globalization?

24. Has cultural globalization brought cultural integration? Hybridization and glocalization Cultural interaction under globalization is not necessarily from rich countries to poor countries. Instead, it can be from the poor South to the rich North. Even if people in the non-Western countries are consuming cultural products originating from the West, they would decide whether to accept them according to their local concerns and interests. Exploration Journey 2: Cultural heterogeneity─ Is it the ultimate consequence of cultural globalization? Exploration Journey 2: Cultural heterogeneity─ Is it the ultimate consequence of cultural globalization?

25. Has cultural globalization brought cultural integration? Hybridization and glocalization Accepting foreign cultures does not mean detaching from local cultures. Cultural interaction always involves interpenetration and localization. Exploration Journey 2: Cultural heterogeneity─ Is it the ultimate consequence of cultural globalization? Exploration Journey 2: Cultural heterogeneity─ Is it the ultimate consequence of cultural globalization?

26. Does Buddhism reflect cultural hybridization? Buddhism, originating from India, integrated into traditional Chinese culture after being introduced to China. It developd into a religion with Chinese characteristics and became an important part of Chinese culture. Buddhism, originating from India, integrated into traditional Chinese culture after being introduced to China. It developd into a religion with Chinese characteristics and became an important part of Chinese culture. In the course of spreading Buddhism in China, the common features between Buddhism and Chinese culture were promoted in order to gain recognition in Chinese society. For example, when sutras ( 佛經 ) were translated into Chinese, the translators emphasized the parts concerning obedience to parents and respect for emperors in the original copy. Similarly, the parts of the sutras which were not accepted in Chinese society were deleted or rewritten. In the course of spreading Buddhism in China, the common features between Buddhism and Chinese culture were promoted in order to gain recognition in Chinese society. For example, when sutras ( 佛經 ) were translated into Chinese, the translators emphasized the parts concerning obedience to parents and respect for emperors in the original copy. Similarly, the parts of the sutras which were not accepted in Chinese society were deleted or rewritten. There were different schools in ancient Indian Buddhism, each of them promoting different ideologies about human behaviour. Chinese Buddhist monks compared and organized these theories and hence established different sects. Though these sects originally came from ancient India, they evolved, retaining little of ancient Indian Buddhism and became distinctive ones after they were introduced to China centuries ago. Among the sects, ‘Zen Buddhism’ ( 「禪宗」 ) is the most influential. Zen Buddhism was influenced by traditional Chinese religions, absorbing not only the beliefs of philosophical Taoism ( 道家 ) which emphasizes nature and omnipresent Tao in the universe, but also Confucianism which values filial piety and loyalty and emphasizes ethics. That is why it is called Chinese Buddhism. There were different schools in ancient Indian Buddhism, each of them promoting different ideologies about human behaviour. Chinese Buddhist monks compared and organized these theories and hence established different sects. Though these sects originally came from ancient India, they evolved, retaining little of ancient Indian Buddhism and became distinctive ones after they were introduced to China centuries ago. Among the sects, ‘Zen Buddhism’ ( 「禪宗」 ) is the most influential. Zen Buddhism was influenced by traditional Chinese religions, absorbing not only the beliefs of philosophical Taoism ( 道家 ) which emphasizes nature and omnipresent Tao in the universe, but also Confucianism which values filial piety and loyalty and emphasizes ethics. That is why it is called Chinese Buddhism. Source: Adapted from various newspapers. Exploration Journey 2: Cultural heterogeneity─ Is it the ultimate consequence of cultural globalization? Exploration Journey 2: Cultural heterogeneity─ Is it the ultimate consequence of cultural globalization?

27. Apart from food and religious cultures, what are the other aspects that can manifest cultural hybridization? Exploration Journey 2: Cultural heterogeneity─ Is it the ultimate consequence of cultural globalization? Exploration Journey 2: Cultural heterogeneity─ Is it the ultimate consequence of cultural globalization?

28. Has cultural globalization brought cultural integration? Cultural globalization and glocalization Under globalization, the two concepts of ‘locality’ and ‘globe’ are not mutually exclusive. Conversely, things regarded as local are always included within the globe. Exploration Journey 2: Cultural heterogeneity─ Is it the ultimate consequence of cultural globalization? Exploration Journey 2: Cultural heterogeneity─ Is it the ultimate consequence of cultural globalization?

29. How does cultural globalization lead to cultural conflicts? The spread of universal values Under cultural globalization, cultural interaction in different places occurs more frequently, so that traditional local cultures are inevitably challenged in the face of the inflow of foreign cultures. When ways of life are greatly influenced by other cultures, there are changes in people’s values. Exploration Journey 2: Cultural heterogeneity─ Is it the ultimate consequence of cultural globalization? Exploration Journey 2: Cultural heterogeneity─ Is it the ultimate consequence of cultural globalization?

30. How does cultural globalization lead to cultural conflicts? The spread of universal values People can get in contact with imported universal values (the concepts widely accepted by people all over the world). They also think about whether the traditional concepts they believe are right and applicable. In this case, this has brought challenges to traditional values and beliefs. A banner promoting education is basic human rights. Exploration Journey 2: Cultural heterogeneity─ Is it the ultimate consequence of cultural globalization? Exploration Journey 2: Cultural heterogeneity─ Is it the ultimate consequence of cultural globalization?

31. How does cultural globalization lead to cultural conflicts? Islamic culture vs. Western values The social order of Islam is opposed to some prominent Western values. For example, human rights, democracy and gender equality are incompatible with the Muslim religious doctrine. Exploration Journey 2: Cultural heterogeneity─ Is it the ultimate consequence of cultural globalization? Exploration Journey 2: Cultural heterogeneity─ Is it the ultimate consequence of cultural globalization? Cultural globalization prompts some of the Islamic world to resist so that conflicts among different civilizations are caused.

32. How does cultural globalization lead to cultural conflicts? The causes of cultural conflicts brought by cultural globalization Under globalization, it brings more frequent interpersonal and intercultural interactions but makes some ethnicities fear and distrust the foreign cultures. Such a psychological state gives people stronger self- identity of their local cultures. To protect the culture they identify with, they resist foreign cultures by repelling the foreigners. Cultural conflicts between ethnicities thus occur. Exploration Journey 2: Cultural heterogeneity─ Is it the ultimate consequence of cultural globalization? Exploration Journey 2: Cultural heterogeneity─ Is it the ultimate consequence of cultural globalization?

33. How does cultural globalization lead to cultural conflicts? The clash of civilizations One scholar defines ‘civilization’ as ‘a cultural entity, the highest grouping of people at the broad level of cultural identity’ which is related to language, customs, institutions and self- identification. The tributes to the victims of the September 11 attacks Exploration Journey 2: Cultural heterogeneity─ Is it the ultimate consequence of cultural globalization? Exploration Journey 2: Cultural heterogeneity─ Is it the ultimate consequence of cultural globalization? The great differences in values of civilizations can even result in conflicts and competition. The September 11 attacks were regarded as an example of the clash of civilizations.

34. How does cultural globalization lead to cultural conflicts? Is the clash of civilizations ‘orientalism’? Some scholars have criticized the clash of civilizations as ‘orientalism’, reflecting a biased image of Asia and the Middle East in Western culture. Moreover, it is a fallacy which puts the Oriental and the Western cultures into an opposing relationship. Exploration Journey 2: Cultural heterogeneity─ Is it the ultimate consequence of cultural globalization? Exploration Journey 2: Cultural heterogeneity─ Is it the ultimate consequence of cultural globalization?

35. What ways can you suggest that would reduce cultural conflicts? Exploration Journey 2: Cultural heterogeneity─ Is it the ultimate consequence of cultural globalization? Exploration Journey 2: Cultural heterogeneity─ Is it the ultimate consequence of cultural globalization?