1.  Localization Technology Improving mobile device location Team 10: Andrew Kotz, Qiaodi Zhuang Reference: Patwari N. Localization, Cooperative. In: Shekhar S, Xiong H, editors. Encyclopedia of GIS. Salt Lake City, UT: Springer Science & Business Media; 2008. p. 616– 22.

2. Cooperative Localization  Estimate of a wireless device’s (node) location in a network using measurements made between many pairs of nodes through local optimization.  Used to improve location information  For GPS-less use  GPS won outdoors  Low-energy cost  Low-infrastructure cost

3. Apple’s iBeacon  Distributed system  Uses multiple nodes with Bluetooth 4.0  Uses: in-store navigation and personalized push notification  Cost effective: run for up to 2 years on a single included battery

4. Apple’s iBeacon  How it works:  1 or more beacons broadcasts unique ID  Device determines distance into 3 categories  Immediate – few centimeters  Near – couple meters  Far – Greater than 10 meters

5. Apple’s iBeacon

6. Magnetic Positioning  Uses magnetometer and data connection  Applications: Indoor Navigation, Shopping, or Mission Critical

7. Magnetic Positioning  How it works  Evaluates building’s distortion of Earth’s magnetic field or “magnetic fingerprint”  Correlates to reference data  More steel improves accuracy (1-2 meters)

8. Magnetic Positioning Step 1: Adding floor plansStep 2: Mapping buildings Step 3: Creating applications

9. Sources  Patwari N. Localization, Cooperative. In: Shekhar S, Xiong H, editors. Encyclopedia of GIS. Salt Lake City, UT: Springer Science & Business Media; 2008. p. 616–22.  Wikipedia. iBeacon [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2014 Nov 11]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBeacon  Barton J (Hewlett P, Kindberg T (Hewlett P. The Cooltown User Experience [Internet]. Palo Alto, CA: Hewlett Packard; 2001. p. 1 – 5. Available from: http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/2001/HPL-2001-22.pdf  Sterling, Greg (Opus Research I. | Report. San Fransisco, CA; 2014 p. 1 – 8.

10. Class Question  What are some potential downsides to each system?