1. Global Economy and Business MOBILITY AND MIGRATION Prof.ssa Luisa Natale http://www.docente.unicas.it/luisa_natale / email oli59@mclink.it

2. MOBILITY AND MIGRATION INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION: DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS, SOURCES

3. POPULATIONS STUDIES AND MIGRATION (1) The main objects of population studies (births and deaths) are easily identifiable and well- defined events. These events occur in the lives of all individuals only once Migration, however, is not easily defined. There are many different definitions of it An individual can migrate several times or not during his life This involves a mismatch between events (migration) and individuals (migrants)

4. POPULATIONS STUDIES AND MIGRATION (2) The migration also expresses a relationship between geographic areas and therefore has a clear territorial dimension. No migration occurs if there isn’t a clear subdivision of the space. At least two different areas must be defined (for instance: one country and the rest of the world).

5. PROBLEMS It remains difficult to define and to focuse the concept. It results that the statistical estimation of the phenomenon, and their various components, is particularly difficult. Valid observation also limits attention only to international migration, which also involves an event as simple as crossing the boundaries of a State.

6. Measuring migration Quantitative analysis is forced to proceed to simplification in measuring migration along two main directions 1. International organizations provide a shared definition that will serve as a reference to the producers of statistics. 2. Scholars have tried to distinguish the main aspects of the phenomenon by building different typologies

7. International recommendations: the main steps of a long history 1891: ISI (International Statistical Institute) Conference in Vienna 1932: Previous international recommendations for the improvement of the statistics on migrations (International Conference of Migrations Statisticians, ILO) 1953: first set of the UN recommendations 1976: second set of the UN recommendations 1998: new set of the UN recommendations

8. International recommendations United Nations International Labour Organization International Statistical Institute

9. Recently…. In the last years there have been major efforts to improve the quality and the comparability of the statistics on the international migrations: 1.New UN recommendations to the production of statistics on the international migrations; 2.ILO research to improve of the process of data collected on the phenomenon of migration; 3.Many projects on a national basis, multilateral or bilateral; 4.Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on Migration Statistics

10. The states hardly change the definitions used to adapte to the UN definitions. A structured path into two phases is proposed: in the first, the statistics available are placed in a context that makes explicit the differences and similarities between the different sources of the same country; in the second, specific strategies for each country to improve the quality and comparability of data are identified. Recommendations 1998

11. Typologies The type is identified in relation to 4 instants: the departure from their country; the arrival in the country of destination; the departure from the country of destination; the return to the country of origin. The 4 istants are crossed with 18 categories of people defining 72 types of international mobility.

12. The categories of people Some categories are not relevant with reference to international migration (commuters and people in transit), others are important for tourism and others are generally excluded from the statistics on migration (diplomatic, military and nomadic moves).

13. Categories these categories are relevant to the preparation of statistics on international migration: students workers employees of international organisation people with the right of 'free establishment' settlement migrants family reunions refugees asylum seekers and undocumented migrants

14. Recommendations ILO identifies the following groups: returning migrants, returning ethnics, migrants with the right to free movement, aliens admitted for a particular purpose (students, trainees, retirees), settlers, workers (seasonal, a project- contract- temporary- permanent- high-skilled), economic migrants (investors and business travelers), asylum seeker, illegal migrant and move for family reunification.

15. UN Definition The recommendations of the United Nations (1998) contain the definition of international migrant: any person who changes his or her country of usual residence. UN distinguish “short-term” (staying or intending to stay less than 12 months) migrant and “long-term” (staying or intending to stay at least 12 months) migrant.

16. What for usual residence does mean? “the country in which a person lives, that is to say, the country in which he or she has a place to live where he or she normally spends the daily period of rest” Note: temporary travel abroad for purposes of recreation, holiday, visits to friends and relatives, business, medical treatment or religious pilgrimage does not change a person's country of usual residence.

17. THEORY AND PRACTICE The efforts of the UN and the ILO show the difficulty of finding a typological frame for the statistical evaluation of the phenomenon of migration. In short, speaking about international migration we refer to: citizenship, place of residence, place of birth, duration and purpose of the stay. The problem is the mismatch between need of knowledge and the real funds devoted to the study of the phenomenon.

18. Internal and International migration International migration poses some additional problems of measurement: 1. significant is the phenomenon of undocumented component (irregular migration and clandestine migration “illegal") 2. there are different systems and recognition criteria adopted in the country of origin and in the country of destination

19. 19 Different definitions are taken from national collection systems over time Different definitions are taken with reference to different surveys within the same country

20. 20 In-migrated into the country Immigration of nationals or of individuals originating in the country: “rientri” or “rimpatri” (return migration) Immigration of foreigners or of individuals not originating in the country Out-migrated from the country –Emigration of nationals or of individuals originating from the country –Emigration of foreigners or individuals not originating from the country

21. Nationals and aliens by the direction of move (in and out) and the rule of identification Rule of identification Direction of the move In-migrated into the country Out-migrated from the country NationalsNationals in-migrates into the country Nationals out-migrates from the country ForeignersAliens in-migrates into the country Aliens out-migrates from the country

22. Who are the aliens in-migrated in the host country? According to the UN definition, the immigrant population include people who spent at least one year in a country. Two sub-populations of interest are considered: a) foreigners (person with citizenship different from the host country); b) persons born abroad.

23. A) Foreigner Person with citizenship different from the host country born abroad or born in the country, naturalised excluded. The second-generation immigrants and naturalized can be so identified

24. The Second Generation

25. First national survey on second generation in Italy (born in the host country) 18. What is your citizenship? 1|__| Italian (only tick one box) 2|__| Other citizenship What?_____________ 3|__| Not known B This section concerns the primary female of your household te (for example your mother). If there are no adult females in your household, leave this section blank, and go to the section C. 1.Who is this woman? 1|__| My mother 2|__| My grandmother or my uncle 3|__| Other relative 4|__| Other person non relative 2.How old is she?Age |______|2|__| Not known 3.Where was she born? 1|__| In Italy 2|__| In an other country. Which one? ________________ 3|__| Not known

26. First national survey on second generation in Italy (born in the host country) 18. What is your citizenship? 1|__| Italian (only tick one box) 2|__| Other citizenship What?_____________ 3|__| Not known B This section concerns the primary man of your household (for example your father). If there are no adult man in your household, leave this section blank, and go to the section C. 1.Who is this man? 1|__| My father 2|__| My grandfather or my uncle 3|__| Other relative 4|__| Other person non relative 2.How old is he?Age |______|2|__| Not known 3.Where was he born? 1|__| In Italy 2|__| In an other country. Which? ________________ 3|__| Not known

27. B) Person born abroad First generation immigrants: foreign domestic (for instance, italians born abroad)

28. WHICH IS THE RELATION? Foreigners Born abroad

29. WHICH IS THE RELATION? A foreigners born in the host country (second – and more - generation) C domestic born abroad c B foreigners born abroad

30. The concept of citizenship or country of birth permits us to distinguish different segments of the population. Immigrants from abroad, at the beginning of the migration process, are almost the totality of the collective. After some years they will have include immigrants naturalized and foreign of second generation born in the country of arrival. The reality is more complicated than expected Who is immigrant? Who is foreign? In a few words …

31. What about naturalised? Particularly important is the availability of the statistical information concerning the citizenship at birth (or previous citizenship)

32. Categories of previously FOREIGNER (or foreigner at birth) by place of birth and last citizenship Place of birth Previous citizenship or citizenship at birth = Foreign people Last citizenship ForeignerNationals AbroadA. Migrant C. Foreigner naturalized (First Generation) In the country B. Foreign migrant (Second Generation) D. Foreigner naturalized (Second Generation)

33. Categories of previously NATIONAL (or national at birth) by place of birth and last citizenship Place of birth Previous citizenship or citizenship at birth = Nationals people Last citizenship ForeignerNationals Abroad E. Nationals in origin, emigrated of second generation, returned with no more national citizenship G. Nationals born casually abroad or emigrated of second generation returned In the country F. Originally nationals returned with no more national citizenship H. Nationals

34. The people with a migrant or foreign background At the European level there is also an emerging need to adopt the concept of foreign-born population or immigrants whose determination must be based on operational combination of several criteria. The ability to detect this target population is complex for both technical and for political reasons. In fact every person should be asked to citizenship at birth or previous (one he had in the country of origin) and to the children of immigrants born in the destination country of nationality or country of birth of parents.

35. Some example of foreign/migrant population

36. The population of FOREIGN ORIGIN

37. Foreign population, immigrated population and population of foreign origin in some countries around 2000. Absolute values are expressed in thousands and percentage a. Immigrant population is obviously less consistent than immigrant and/or foreign origin population. The last one includes the first. b. The range of the foreign origin population is sometime very high, so reflect the difficult of the statistical estimation.

38. Distribution of resident population in France according to place of birth and other rules of identification. Absolute values in thousands. 1946-1999

39. Popolazione straniera e/o immigrata distinta in otto casi in base all’impiego congiunto di: cittadinanza attuale, cittadinanza precedente e paese di nascita

40. Inmigrant flows towards Germany, 1975- 1997. Absolute values in thousands

41. Materials C. Bonifazi, S. Strozza, “Conceptual framework and data collection in International Migration”, in G. Caselli, J. Vallin and G. Wunsch (eds.), Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, Vol. IV, Elsevier, San Diego, 2006.