1. ZVx - The Network Analyzer Family

2. ZVRE, ZVR, ZVCE, ZVC, ZVM, ZVK: Functionalities
ZVx- Overview
ZVRE, ZVR, ZVCE, ZVC, ZVM, ZVK: Functionalities
Power
S21
1dB 3 D
S21
S12
S11
S22 IF LO
LSB
USB
linear
frequency-
converting
nonlinear
S-Parameter
Group delay
Impedance
Admittance
Mixer measurements
Any harmonics
Intermodulation
(Arbitrary frequency conv.)
Compression point
Interceptpoint IP2, IP3

3. Test Sets & Frequency Ranges
ZVx- Overview
Test Sets & Frequency Ranges
9 kHz
300 kHz
10 Hz
20 kHz
4 GHz
8 GHz
20 GHz
40 GHz
10MHz
ZVR + ZVRE
Active Test Set
ZVR + ZVRE
Passive Test Set
ZVR + ZVRE
External Measurements
ZVC + ZVCE
Active or PassiveTest Set
ZVM
Active Test Set
ZVK
Active Test Set

4. Distinguishing Features
ZVx- Overview
Distinguishing Features
ZVR, ZVC, ZVM, ZVK: 4 receiver channels
bidirectional
standard calibration methods plus R&S calibration methods for test fixtures, on circuit boards
ZVRE, ZVCE: receiver channels
bidirectional
standard calibration methods

5. Basic Task of a NWA: Measurement of S-Parameters
ZVx- Test Sets
Basic Task of a NWA: Measurement of S-Parameters
S12
S21
S11
S22 b1 a1 b2 a2

6. Principle of a 4-receiver NWA
ZVx- Test Sets
Principle of a 4-receiver NWA
Port 1
Port 2
Source M e a s . n d D i p l y U t T
Meas. Channel b2
Ref. Channel a1 b2
Meas. Channel b1 b1 a1
Ref. Channel a2 a2

7. Bidirectional ZVRE, ZVCE
ZVx- Test Sets
Bidirectional ZVRE, ZVCE P o r t 1 2 R e f . C h a n l M s A S u c B d D i p y U T

8. ZVx- Test Sets Bidirectional ZVR, ZVC P o r t 1 2 R e f . C h a n l M
4 channel receiver. Calibration techniques for calibration in test fixture and on circuit board P o r t 1 2 R e f . C h a n l M s A S u c B d D i p y U T

9. Test Set of ZVR and ZVC: Options B21-B25, B6
ZVx- Test Sets with Options
Test Set of ZVR and ZVC: Options B21-B25, B6
PORT 1
PORT 2
Output a1
Input 1
Input b1
Source
Measurement
Channel A
Channel B
Reference.
Channel R2
ZVR-B21
ZVR-B22
ZVR-B24
ZVR-B25 a1 b1 a2 b2
Reference
Channel R1
ZVR-B6
ZVR-B23
channel ports

10. Test Set of ZVM, ZVK: Options B21-B24
ZVx- Test Sets with Options
Test Set of ZVM, ZVK: Options B21-B24

11. External Test Set (*) for High Power Application
ZVx- Test Sets with Options
External Test Set (*) for High Power Application
(*) Proposal for a test set. Components must be provided by customer.

12. Components inside the four channel instruments
ZVx - The Instruments in Detail
Components inside the four channel instruments t e s f r o n d c v m a u l i p A D L C P U y h z , k O R T 1 g 2 b b2 a2

13. ZVx - Specifications Dynamic Range (1) Low-noise front end
Fundamental mixing
Direct generator and receiver access
Measurement bandwidths 1 Hz to 10 kHz and 26 kHz
Specified and unspecified output power range

14. ZVx - Specifications Dynamic Range (2)
Specified Values PORT 1/2, 10 Hz IF-BW, maximum specified power
ZVR(E): Dynamic range > 120 dB
ZVC(E): Dynamic range > 110 dB
ZVM : Dynamic range > 115 dB
ZVK : Dynamic range > 110 dB

15. ZVx - Specifications Dynamic Range (3)
Maximum Values External Measurement / Input b2, 1 Hz IF-BW, maximum power (unspecified)
ZVR(E): Dynamic range > 140 dB
ZVC(E): Dynamic range > 135 dB (up to 6 GHz)
ZVM : Dynamic range > 140 dB (up to 18 GHz) > 130 dB (18 GHz to 20 GHz)
ZVK : Dynamic range > 135 dB

16. Dynamic Range (4): Filter Measurement with ZVR(E)
ZVx - Specifications
Dynamic Range (4): Filter Measurement with ZVR(E)
0 dB
>120 dB with internal Test Set
>130 dB with Option "External Measurements" (direct generator - receiver access)
-130 dB

17. Dynamic Range (5): Maximum Dynamic Range of ZVM
ZVx - Specifications
Dynamic Range (5): Maximum Dynamic Range of ZVM
- 140 dB
- 130 dB
16 GHz
The highest dynamic range money can buy!
At ZVx, limit line defining the dynamic range is clearly above the noise floor,
not in the middle of the noise floor !

18. Dynamic Range (6): Maximum Dynamic Range of ZVK
ZVx - Specifications
Dynamic Range (6): Maximum Dynamic Range of ZVK
Specified
PORT1/2
10 Hz IF BW
spec. Power 5 G H z 3 2 d B / - 1 6 M A C S T R O P 4 L F I
& : . 8 9
20 dB/div
80 dB
90 dB
105 dB
Maximum
Input b2
1 Hz IF BW
max. Power
110 dB
-120 dB
-140 dB

19. ZVx - Specifications 0 dB -140 dB Segmented Sweep Mode
>140 dB with external measurements using segmented frequency axis
-140 dB

20. Output Power (1): Specified Values
ZVx - Specifications
Output Power (1): Specified Values
Available power depends on Instrument - Option (External Measurement Option, Enhanced Power Opion, etc.) - Frequency range
Specified values for ZVR (examples): Standard 0 dBm at PORT1/2 with ZVR-B dBm at Output a1 With Option ZVR-B10 (Enhanced Output Power) Standard +13 dBm at PORT1/2 with ZVR-B dBm at Output a1
Specified values for ZVM: +2/+5 dBm
Specified values for ZVK: 0/-5 dBm

21. Maximum Output Power ZVM (2): Unspecified Values
ZVx - Specifications
Maximum Output Power ZVM (2): Unspecified Values
10 dBm
grid line
0 dBm
Output power can be increased
above the specified level !
Example: ZVM
Maximum (unspecified) power ...
with setting “additional power” (*)
with standard setting
(*) Setting “Additional Power” avoids 4 dB attenuation
of a step attenuator, which is normally present
even if 0 dB attenuation is selected.

22. Maximum Output Power ZVK (2): Unspecified Values
ZVx - Specifications
Maximum Output Power ZVK (2): Unspecified Values
Maximum
5 dBm (up to 22 GHz)
>0 dBm (above 22 GHz) 5 G H z 3 d B / - 2 m M A C 1 R E F S T O P 4 I L a
&
0 dBm á d B m
Specified
0 dBm (up to 22 GHz)
-5 dBm (above 22 GHz)
-5 dBm
5 dB/div

23. Measurement & Transfer Speed (1)
ZVx - Specifications
Measurement & Transfer Speed (1)
Fast IEEE/IEC - bus data transfer and control
Enhanced throughput via LAN/Ethernet
Short measurement times per point
High sweep rate
Analog operational feeling
Increased system performance

24. Measurement & Transfer Speed (2)
ZVx - Specifications
Measurement & Transfer Speed (2)

25. Measurement & Transfer Speed (3)
ZVx - Specifications
Measurement & Transfer Speed (3)

26. Table of full two-port Calibration Procedures
ZVx - Specifications
Table of full two-port Calibration Procedures
Calibration procedure
Number of Calibration steps
Special feature
TOSM 7
classical procedure
TOM 5
inherent verification
TRM 5
especially for test fixtures
TRL 4
high directivity
TNA 3
especially for test fixtures
TOM-X
5(9)
eliminates crosstalk
ZVRE and ZVCE just provide normalization and TOSM calibration techniques.

27. Capabilities for Enhanced Accuracy
ZVx - Specifications
Capabilities for Enhanced Accuracy
Calibration techniques for all purposes - TOM calibration with inherent verification - TNA, TRM calibration for test fixtures / on circuit boards - TRL/LRL calibration for circuit boards and on wafers - TOM-X calibration for test setups with crosstalk
(De)Embedding functionality
Default / Factory calibration
Automatic two-port calibration AutoKal (up to 8 GHz)
Easy handling of calibration kit parameters

28. ZVx - General Highlights
Open to PC and Ethernet
Integrated Pentium PC
Link to Ethernet & General IEC/IEEE-bus control
WINDOWS NT Operating System
PC-compatible formats for screen hardcopies
Connection to Ethernet with option FSE-B16
No external PC necessary - „Controller of its own“
Quick and easy documentation
Measurement and simulation in one instrument

29. Efficiency & Operation
ZVx - General Highlights
Efficiency & Operation
Huge display with 4-channel configuration
External PC monitor interface
Segmentation of frequency and magnitude axis
Numerous marker functions
Arbitrary zooming in all settings
Operation via hardkeys or mouse
Internal HDD for storage of data and settings

30. Highlights of the ZVx instrument family
ZVx - Highlights (Survey)
Highlights of the ZVx instrument family
Excellent technical data
High speed
High sensitivity and dynamic range
High accuracy
Calibration Techniques
Wide frequency range
High versatility
Frequency converting measurements
Harmonic measurements
Intercept- and compression point measurements

31. ZVx - Options Software Options Option Name Description ZVR-B2
Time Domain (*)
Measurements of runtime & distance
ZVR-B4
Frequ. Converting Measurements
Independent settings of generator and receiver frequencies
ZVR-B5
Nonlinear Measurements
Measurement of n-dB compression point and SOI/TOI
ZVR-B7
Power Calibration
Calibration of all generator and receiver
ZVR-K9
Virtual Embedding Networks
Virtual integration of networks Correction of existing networks
(*) Transputer module required

32. Hardware Options for ZVR(E), ZVC(E)
ZVx - Options
Hardware Options for ZVR(E), ZVC(E)
Option
Name
Description
ZVR-B1
AutoKal
Automised calibration procedure
ZVR-B6
Reference channel ports
Direct access to the reference channels
ZVR-B8(B14)
3/4 port adapter
Extending Port 1 and/or Port 2 to 2 ports
ZVR-B10
Increased Output Power
Increased Output Power at Port 1 or Output a1
ZVR-B25
ZVR-B21/22/23/24
Step Attenuators
Attenuation of generator and receiver level
External Measurements
Bypassing the SWR bridges

33. Hardware Options for ZVM, ZVK
ZVx - Options
Hardware Options for ZVM, ZVK
Option
Name
Description
ZVM(K)-B21 ZVM(K)-B22
Generator Step Attenuators
Attenuation of generator level
ZVM(K)-B23 ZVM(K)-B24
Receiver Step Attenuators
Attenuation of receiver level
ZVM(K)-B23 includes Input b1
ZVM(K)-B24 includes Input b2

34. ZVx - Options Option ZVR-B1: AutoKal Fundamental Calibration
TOM or TOSM
"Once a Year"
ZVR controlled automatic calibration in less than 20 seconds

35. Option ZVR-B2: Time Domain Measurements
ZVx - Options
Option ZVR-B2: Time Domain Measurements
Step response
Pulse response
Windows in frequency domain
Gating in time domain
Fast transformation time  Online operation feeling
up to 2001 measurement points

36. Option ZVR-B4: Mixer, Harmonics, General Frequency Conversion
ZVx - Options
Option ZVR-B4: Mixer, Harmonics, General Frequency Conversion

37. Option ZVR-B4: Mixer, Harmonics, General Frequency Conversion
ZVx - Options
Option ZVR-B4: Mixer, Harmonics, General Frequency Conversion f
Pout f1 f2
2f1-f2
2f2-f1
Swept intermodulation measurements
Intermodulation of amplifiers
Intermodulation of mixers
Any harmonics vs. Frequency
Any harmonics vs. power
Conversion of frontends, receivers (Internal LO & frequency conversion) f
IF RF LO IF LO-RF LO+RF
Triple swept mixer and spuries measurements

38. Option ZVR-B5: Non-linear Measurements
ZVx - Options
Option ZVR-B5: Non-linear Measurements
n-dB compression point vs. frequency
Second/third order intercept point (SOI/TOI) vs. frequency f P
3*P f
IP f f IP3+ P
[log]
n dB
Power from amplifier
@ f0
Power towards
amplifier
Pin [log]
Pout
[log] 1 3
TOI
f1, f2
IP3
n dB compression point
ZVx performs power sweep(s) at each
frequency point during a sweep.
 Display of Compression point or SOI/TOI vs frequency

39. Option ZVR-B6: Reference channel port (1/3 )
ZVx - Options
Option ZVR-B6: Reference channel port (1/3 )
Path from source to the Ref-Channel interrupted using mechanical switches
Signal for the Reference Channel can be fed from outside of the NWA
Option just for ZVR(E), ZVC(E) (Access to both reference channels standard at ZVM, ZVK via jumpers at the front panel)
PORT 1
PORT 2
Output a1
Input 1
Input b1
Source
Measurement
Channel A
Channel B
Reference.
Channel R2 a1 b1 a2 b2
Reference
Channel R1
ZVR-B6
channel ports

40. Option ZVR-B6: Reference channel port (2/3)
ZVx - Options
Option ZVR-B6: Reference channel port (2/3)
ZVR-B6 Application example 1:
Power splitter
Input b1
Source
Measurement
Channel A a1 b1
Reference
Channel R1
ZVR-B6
DUT
Pre-amplifier
ZVR(E), ZVC(E)
Example: Pre-amplifier to provide high power for the DUT
Getting the „real“ reference signal
Correction for non-linearities and (temperature) drift of the pre-amplifier

41. Option ZVR-B6: Reference channel port (3/3 )
ZVx - Options
Option ZVR-B6: Reference channel port (3/3 )
ZVR-B6 Application example 2:
External ref. mixer:
Equal frequencies in measurement and ref-channel
„Comparison“ of equal frequencies allows phase and group delay measurements
PORT 2
Output a1
Input 1
Input b1 a1 b1 a2 b2
External Signal Generator
(LO) f0
Reference channel
Source f0
Measurement channel
fconv
fLO
Measurement at
converted frequency fconv
DUT (frequency converting)
Reference mixer f0  fconv

42. Option ZVR-B7: Power Calibration
ZVx - Options
Option ZVR-B7: Power Calibration
Power calibration of the internal generator
Power calibration of the receiver
Accuracy: up to 0.1 dB or better

43. Option ZVR-B8: 3-Port Adapter
ZVx - Options
Option ZVR-B8: 3-Port Adapter
DUT example:
antenna diplexer
Automatic Control by ZVR
Switching time 10 s
Measurement of 7 (from 9) S-params of a 3-port device without rewiring
CH1 & CH3 show Port 1 CH2 & CH4 show Port 2

44. Option ZVR-B14: 4-Port Adapter
ZVx - Options
Option ZVR-B14: 4-Port Adapter

45. Option ZVR-K9: (De)Embedding (Part 1/3)
ZVx - Options
Option ZVR-K9: (De)Embedding (Part 1/3)
Simulation of virtual networks
Elimination of real existing networks
Simulation of Matching Networks with SAW filters
Identical matching at each production place

46. Option ZVR-K9: (De)Embedding (Part 2/3)
ZVx - Options
Option ZVR-K9: (De)Embedding (Part 2/3) 2 4 3 1
TN2
TN1
DUT
Integration of 2-port solutions
Embedding of 4-port data
Integration of 1-port solutions

47. Option ZVR-K9: (De)Embedding (Part 3/3)
ZVx - Options
Option ZVR-K9: (De)Embedding (Part 3/3)
ideal NWA 1' E1
V1-1
DUT 1
"modified"
error two port
neutral Network
V-1 ° V =1
1'' V1

48. Option ZVR-B10: Enhanced Output Power
ZVx - Options
Option ZVR-B10: Enhanced Output Power
Internal Pre-Amplifier
Enhanced power in foreward direction
Option for ZVR(E), ZVC(E)
Maximum power depends on model: Different for ZVR(E) and ZVC(E)
Maximum power depends on directive component: Different maximum power for ZVC(E) with couplers or ZVC(E) with bribges
Maximum power: Output a1 at ZVR: + 20 dBm

49. Frequency converting and nonlinear Measurements
ZVx - Amplifier & Mixer Measurements
Frequency converting and nonlinear Measurements
Characterisation of frequency converting devices
Characterisation of nonlinear parameters
Generator / receiver with arbitrary frequency offset
Up to two external generators controlled by ZVx
Measurement of mixers, frequency multipliers and amplifiers, frontends etc
Determination of compression and intercept point
Display of compression and IP2/3 versus frequency

50. Example 1: Intermodulation Measurements
ZVx - Amplifier & Mixer Measurements
Example 1: Intermodulation Measurements
No external filters required
No limitations of frequency ranges and offsets
All settings controlled by the ZVM f
ZVM
IEEE/IEC-Bus II
Freq.REF IN
Ext. Source f1 f2
ZAPDJ-2
ZJL-3G
Pin
Pout
2f1-f2
2f2-f1
Port Port2

51. Example 1: Intermodulation Measurements (cont.)
ZVx - Amplifier & Mixer Measurements
Example 1: Intermodulation Measurements (cont.)
Settings for carrier f1
Settings for carrier f2

52. Example 1: Intermodulation Measurements (cont.)
ZVx - Amplifier & Mixer Measurements
Example 1: Intermodulation Measurements (cont.)
Settings for measuring the lower IP3 product 2f1-f2.
Settings for measuring the upper IP3 product 2f2-f1.

53. Example 1: Intermodulation Measurements (cont.)
ZVx - Amplifier & Mixer Measurements
Example 1: Intermodulation Measurements (cont.)

54. Example 2: Mixer Measurement
ZVx - Amplifier & Mixer Measurements
Example 2: Mixer Measurement
IEEE / IEC-Bus II
ref. Freq.
ZVM
PORT 1
PORT 2
Source RF LO IF
ZFM-4 R I L

55. Example 2: Mixer Measurement (cont.)
ZVx - Amplifier & Mixer Measurements
Example 2: Mixer Measurement (cont.) A R B I T Y S E M F Q U N C : 1 H z . 4 O P W ( / D ) x + L d m X 7 2 V 6 G
B = RF = 100 MHz MHz
f(LO) = RF + 20 MHz
f(Rec) = 3*LO +RF = 3*(RF + 20 MHz) + RF
= 4*RF + 20 MHz
Scaling for x-axis
f / MHz
Offset = 20 MHz
IF RF LO IF+
3LO-RF LO+RF

56. Example 3: Amplifier Measurements
ZVx - Amplifier & Mixer Measurements
Example 3: Amplifier Measurements
ZVR
PORT 1
PORT 2

57. Example 3: Amplifier Measurements (cont.)
ZVx - Amplifier & Mixer Measurements
Example 3: Amplifier Measurements (cont.)
Examples for measurement quantities
S21
small signal parameter
second harmonic
versus power
@ 1GHz
S21
versus power
@ 1GHz
1 dB compr. point
versus frequency

58. Example 4: Hot-S-Parameters
ZVx - Amplifier & Mixer Measurements
Example 4: Hot-S-Parameters
2 swept tones f1, f2 are fed to the amplifier
Constant, narrow offset f = |f2 - f1|
Power of signal f2: - Constant at high power level - Defines the operating point
Power of signal f1: - Constant at small signal range - Measurement of S21 (Both generator and receiver of ZVx at frequency f1 !)
Ext. Source
ZVx
IEEE / IEC-Bus II
Freq. ref REF IN
PORT 1
PORT 2
combiner
DUT (amplifier) f1 f2
Power f2 f1 f f

59. Example 5: Measurement of a Frontend
ZVx - Amplifier & Mixer Measurements
Example 5: Measurement of a Frontend
internal LO
PORT 2
PORT 1 f RF
IF-
IF+ LO
ZVx
ZVM
ZVR
Port 1
Port 2
Port 2
DUT
( Converter )

60. Example 5: Measurement of a Frontend (cont.)
ZVx - Amplifier & Mixer Measurements
Example 5: Measurement of a Frontend (cont.)
Conversion loss IF- (wanted sideband)
Conversion loss IF+ (unwanted sideband)
LO power
(used also for LO freq. detection)
Return loss

61. Example 6: Measurement of double converter (receiver)
ZVx - Amplifier & Mixer Measurements
Example 6: Measurement of double converter (receiver)
Freq. ref.
ZVM
IEEE / IEC-Bus 2
Port 1
Port 2
DUT
( Front End )
Ext. Source 1
LO 1
LO 2
Ext. Source 2

62. Example 6: Measurement of double converter (receiver)
ZVx - Amplifier & Mixer Measurements
Example 6: Measurement of double converter (receiver)