1. Gender and Socialization
Chapter 2

2. Links Intersex on 20/20: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xv1yk2Va9qc
Pregnant man:
David Reimer:
Killing us softly
Youtube 6min version
5 min version
full version
Dreamworlds:

3. Gender Myths
We tend to associate stereotypically female characteristics with weakness and typically male characteristics with strength.
He’s firm, but she’s stubborn.
He’s careful about details, but she’s picky.
He’s honest, but she’s opinionated.
He’s raising good points, but she’s “bitchy.”
We tend to see men as strong, not emotional and women as emotional and not strong, although we have seen those stereotypes change through the years and we are seeing them change even more.

4. Sex and Gender
What is the difference?

5. Sex Biological distinction between females and males.
Factors used to determine biological sex:
Chromosomes: XX for female; XY for male
Gonads: Ovaries for female; testes for male
Hormones
Internal sex organs
External genitals
What does it mean if an individual is born intersexed?

6. Gender
Gender is more fluid—refers to the social and psychological characteristics associated with being male or female
it represents learned attitudes and behaviors that characterize people as men or women.
The nature-nurture debate?
The story of David Reimer

8. Gender and Socialization
The process through which we learn attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors appropriate to the social positions we occupy
Gender roles: The social norms that dictate what is socially regarded as appropriate female and male behavior
When does gender role socialization begin?

9. Gender Roles in the United States
Gender-Role Socialization
Boys must be masculine
Active
Aggressive
Tough
Daring
Dominant
Girls must be feminine
Soft
Emotional
Sweet
Submissive

10. What are sex roles?

11. Gender Identity
Gender identity is the psychological state of viewing oneself as a girl or boy, man or woman.
Gender dysphoria
Transexuals
The pregnant man?

12. Gender Role Ideology
Refers to beliefs about the proper roel relationships between women and men in a given society
What is traditional American gender role ideology?

13. Theories of Gender Development
Biosocial Theory (sociobiology)
Parental investment
controversial
Social learning theory
Reward and punishment
modeling

14. Theories of Gender Development
Identification theory Identification, observation, and modeling
Cognitive-development theory
Blends biological and social learning views
Biological readiness influences how the child interacts with the environment

15. Gender and Socialization Agents
If sociology takes the stance that gender roles are learned through interaction with the environment, what influences the individual to behave as a man or woman?

16. Gender and Socialization Agents
Family
Race/Ethnicity
Peers
Religion
Education
Economy
Mass media

17. Gender Stereotypes are expectations about how people will look, act, think, and feel based on their sex.
Such expectations can have negative physical and psychological consequences for males and females

18. How do forms of media portray gender norms and stereotypes?
What forms of media?

19. What are the advantages and disadvantages of being male and female?
What are the primary cultural messages that the media tells us about what it is to be male or female?
Video
What are the advantages and disadvantages of being male and female?

20. Traditional View and Gender Roles
Instrumental roles tend to be occupied by men in our society. They must be the provider and protector of the family.
Expressive roles in our society tend to be played by women—they provide emotional support to the family, nurturing, etc.
Should the man be the boss of the family?
Why do traditional roles continue?

21. Consequences of traditional female gender roles
Positive
Negative
Longer life
Stronger relationships focus
Keeps relationships on track
Bonding with children
Identity not tied to job
Less education/income
Feminization of poverty
Higher STD infection risk
Negative body image
Less marital satisfaction

22. Consequences of traditional male role socialization
Positive
Negative
Higher income/occupational status
More positive self concept
Less job discrimination
Happier marriage
Identity tied to work role
Limited emotionality
Fear of intimacy
Shorter life

23. Do you think that gender roles are changing?
Are men becoming more feminine? Are women becoming more masculine?
What is Androgyny?

24. Sexism and Sex Discrimination
Women suffer from sexism: attitude, action, or institutional structure that subordinates or discriminates against individuals or groups because of their biological sex.
U.S. society has traditionally been run by male-dominated institutions:
Which institutions are still dominated by men?

25. Male Domination Does male domination exist in: Politics? Religion?
Media?
Family?
Economy?

26. Emergence of a Collective Consciousness
Feminism: belief in social, economic, and political equality for women
Early 19th century feminists won many victories, including 19th Amendment
2nd feminism wave emerged in U.S. in 1960s
As women became aware of sexist attitudes and practices, began to challenge male dominance and continue to