1. Unit 11 – Intelligence and Personality
Humanistic and Trait Perspectives to Personality

2. Humanistic Perspective

3. 1960’s Freud was so negative Skinner was so mechanical
There must be some other way to describe us in a positive light…

4. If Freud and psychoanalysis asks, “Why are you sick
If Freud and psychoanalysis asks, “Why are you sick?” – then Humanistic psychology must ask what?

5. Maslow and the Self-Actualizing Person
Humans are motivated by what?
Came up with idea by studying the healthy
Humanistic psychology strives to study those that are self- determined and self-realized

6. What do Thomas Jefferson, Franklin D
What do Thomas Jefferson, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Eleanor Roosevelt all have in common?
Share common characteristics
Self-aware, self-accepting, open and spontaneous, not paralyzed by opinions of others

7. Maslow’s studies
MY MISSION IN LIFE IS…
People who are moved by peak experiences (spiritual or personal) reach self actualization
Which arousal theory works best here?
Conclusion?

8. Bandura and Social-Cognitive Perspective
Emphasized the interaction of our traits with our situations
Self-efficacy

9. Carl Rogers and the Person Centered Perspective
Believed people were born good with self- actualizing tendencies (meaning he agreed with whom?)
Growth according to 3 key areas

10. Personal Growth 1. Genuineness
Open about feelings, self disclosing

11. 2. Unconditional positive regard for life Grace
Knowing our failings, accepting them
Speak in “I” statements 2.

12. 3. Empathy Sharing and mirroring our feelings with our truths
Aka – LISTENING and not just hearing

13. Rogers cont’d
Idea of the self concept

14. Self-concept
Positive self-concept: we act and perceive our world positively (can reach and be satisfied with goals)
Negative self-concept: we fall short of our ideal self
Examples with grades?
Conclusion: be true to yourself and you’ll be happy
When you feel heard, you’re more likely to listen

15. How do you calculate self-concept?
Rogers used interviews, questionnaires, and conversations
Questionnaires alone are not personal enough
Concluded that a positive self concept occurs when your ideal self and your actual self are closely related by score

16. Humanistic Perspective is…
EVERYWHERE
Pervasive in society
Examples?

17. Criticisms of Humanistic Psychology
Focus too much on the positive
Go back to TJ, FDR, Eleanor… are there any others that are self- actualized according to Maslow that may come from the other side of the spectrum?

19. Perspective encourages hope without reality of evil in the world
Other criticisms
Culture: collectivist vs. individual
Self-actualization and self-concept have to deal with the self
What happens in your life is based on the whole?
Humanistic psych is IDEALIST, what about those who identify as REALIST?
Perspective encourages hope without reality of evil in the world

20. Trait Perspectives in Personality

21. Gordon Allport Used labels – less explaining, more describing
Central traits
Reliable, silly, smart
Secondary traits
“You can’t take him to a restaurant”
“She gets angry when you try to tickle her”

22. Raymond Cattell Used Allport’s adjectives Factor analysis
People rate themselves
16PF – 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire

24. Eysenck and Eysenck Biological trait theory
Introversion and extroversion
Unstable and stable
psychoticism
Most normal people will fall
somewhere in the middle

25. Biological Perspective (minor)
Sheldon – somatotypes (personality based on genetics)
Endomorphs: social, amiable
Mesomorphs: assertive, adventurous
Ectomorophs: emotionally restrained, secretive

26. MBTI Declared preferences
Not a research instrument (not linked to performance) – not conclusive
Can be used as a counseling and coaching tool

27. The Big 5 Model Costa and McCrae
Personality is organized around only 5 basic factors

28. The Big 5 Answer to Eysenck’s dimensions
Big 5 is used more today than anything else
Take inventory -

29. CANOE in an OCEAN

30. (neuroticism)

31. Reciprocal Determinism

32. Assessing Traits: MMPI
Personality inventories
MMPI
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Assesses abnormal personality tendencies rather than normal traits
Empirically derived – data based on discrimination among groups

33. Assessing the trait perspective
Personality changes over time, yet consistent thru social development
Not predictable
Scores on inventories mildly predict
Useful as descriptive OF behavior, does not offer explanation of the DEVELOPMENT of personality