1. Review Lecture histograms, five number summary, one-sample confidence intervals, nonresponse, observational study

2. Kaiser Foundation Health Plan Company Description from the Hoover’s Company website, a company that collects information on other companies “Kaiser Foundation Health Plan aims to be the emperor of the HMO universe. With more than 8.5 million members in nine states and the District of Columbia, it is one of the largest not-for-profit managed health care companies in the US. Kaiser has an integrated care model, offering both hospital and physician care through a network of hospitals and physician practices operating under the Kaiser Permanente name. Members of Kaiser health plans have access to hospitals and some 400 other health care facilities operated by Kaiser Foundation Hospitals and Permanente Medical Groups, associations consisting of about 13,000 doctors.”

3. Study of the Birth Weight of Newborns data collected on all pregnancies that occurred between 1960 and 1967 among women in the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan in the San Francisco – East Bay Area –15000 families in the study a subset of 1236 chosen for a particular study on smoking and birth weight –born in one year of the study –lived at least 28 days –single birth

4. Caveats What is the reference population? Was there any random selection? Can a random sample be assumed?

8. Nonresponse tends not to occur for lower birth weights –consequently this may introduce some bias if the nonrespondents are all or mostly smokers only 10 nonrespondents out of 1236 cases –bias, if present, is small

10. Nonrespondents

12. Confidence Intervals

13. 90% Confidence Interval for the Proportion of Smokers