1. Ethical Monotheism

2. Ethical Monotheism Concept of one God-all other gods are false
God is just and expects humans to be just in turn
Divides the world between righteous and unrighteous
Can lead to intolerance towards those who reject concept and those who practice different types of monotheism

3. Judaism
Belief in one God who is creator, lawgiver, and judge of mankind
Righteous must follow Torah, or law code
Torah defines moral and ethical behavior
Concept of sin-disobedience to God or God’s law
Personal relationship with deity through prayer

4. Holy Books The Torah-covenant with God and law code
contained in first five books of Christian Old Testament and in the Islamic Koran
The Talmud- rabbinical commentaries and rulings on the Torah

5. Three Major Schisms
Orthodox
Conservative
Reform

6. Christianity Developed from Judaism during Roman rule of Palestine
Shares Jewish belief in one God, creator, lawgiver, and judge of mankind
Spread by Jews who believed that Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of God who died and was resurrected to redeem all mankind of their sins.

7. Christianity
Believe that Jesus is the Christ (anointed one) who will return to bring the kingdom of God on earth
accepted Ten Commandments, but rejected dietary restrictions and other aspects of Jewish law
Faith in Jesus Christ as the son of God and the savior of mankind united Jews and Gentiles together in a new religious faith

8. Three Major Schisms
Catholic
Orthodox
Protestant

9. Holy Book The Holy Bible
contains The Old Testament and The New Testament

10. Islam
Meaning of Islam is submission to the will of Allah, a Muslim is one who has submitted
Belief in one God, Allah, who is the one God of Jews and Christians and also of the whole world
Recognition of Mohammed as the last and greatest of Allah’s prophets which include Abraham, Moses, and Jesus

11. Islam
Mohammed is revered but not divine. His messages from the angel Gabriel are the final revelations of Allah
Muslims must live according to the word of Allah--all human acts have religious connotations
Separation of state and religion therefore not possible

12. Islam The Five Pillars
There is only one God, Allah, and Mohammed is his prophet
Must pray five times a day, facing Mecca, with public prayer on Friday at mid-day
Observe holy month of Ramadan with fasting from dawn to sunset
Must give alms to the poor
If it is possible, make a pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca at once in a lifetime

13. Modern Islamic Mosque

14. Holy Book The Koran means recitation
contains parts of The Torah and Old Testament
record of Allah’s word
ethical and legal guide
political instruction

15. Two Major Schisms Shi’ite Sunni
believe only descendants of Mohammed’s family may act as religious leaders (Imams)
Sunni
accepted leadership of the Caliphs outside Mohammed’s blood family

16. History of Conflict
Each monotheistic faith had similarities with one another but also enough differences that conflict was bitter and violent
Each faith convinced it was the true faith and competed for territory and converts
Religious tolerance did occur but rare for all three monotheistic faiths to live together without one dominating the others

17. History of Conflict Jewish revolt against Rome, 66-70 AD
created bitter and angry break with Christianity
Jewish temple destroyed by Romans, Jews slaughtered, or sold into slavery and dispersed throughout the Roman world
From this point on Jews would be without a state, always be strangers in increasingly Christian and Muslim lands

18. History of Conflict
After years of persecution by the Roman government, Christianity becomes state religion of Rome
By 4th century AD, bishops and Roman emperors establish orthodox doctrine, try to force conformity on all who disagree including Jews and other Christians
With the breakup of the Roman empire, Christianity becomes a unifying and civilizing force in Europe and the eastern Mediterranean

19. History of Conflict
Mohammed begins to receive his revelations around 610 AD
He is forced to flee from Mecca to Medina in 622, beginning of Islamic calendar
Returns to Mecca in 630 and converts the city
Islam born amidst war, must fight to defend faith
Very rapid spread of new faith across Asia Minor, the Middle East and the Eastern Mediterranean

20. Expansion of Islam

21. History of Conflict The Crusades (1096-1291)
First major conflict between Christian Europe and Islamic world
Religious, economic, and cultural conflict
Islamic world more cosmopolitan, technologically advanced
Violence radicalized both faiths
Atrocities and massacres of civilians led to mistrust and hatred

22. Map of the Crusades

23. History of Conflict
Christian and Islamic cultures continued to be in conflict up to the 17th century
Struggle for territory, ports, trade routes, and hearts and minds
Ottoman Turkish empire unified Islamic world, would control southeastern Europe until 19th century

24. The Ottoman Empire

25. History of Conflict
In the 18th and 19th centuries, Europe and the United States adopted a more secular outlook
They developed a culture which valued the individual and individual rights, the separation of church and state, and tolerance towards other faiths
Discontent could take political form

26. History of Conflict
Islamic regimes, especially Ottoman Empire, did not develop the same values
Repressive governments allowed no political expression of the masses
Political discontent thus often expressed through religious avenues
Public opinion in the Islamic world today still expressed through public religious rallies and demonstrations

27. History of Conflict WWI
Ottoman empire is defeated and its territory is divided up among the victorious powers
Clash of cultures, religions, and world views could not be mended
Democratic institutions would not be created or encouraged
New states created after WWI would be Islamic, but economically controlled and in some cases ruled by Western powers