1. The Reformation

2. Reformation – a movement to change religion in Europe
started by Martin Luther in 1517 when he posted his 95 Theses
ended with the Catholic Council of Trent in 1563

3. Causes of the Reformation
Social – humanists and secularism led people to question the church
Political – leaders viewed the Pope as a foreigner who had no real authority
Economic – people become jealous of the church’s wealth and hated paying church taxes
Religious – the church had become corrupt

4. Martin Luther 1483-1546 was a monk and a teacher
protested the selling of indulgences by the Catholic church
wrote the 95 Theses to attack those who sold indulgences
started the Reformation

5. 95 Theses

6. Luther’s Teachings
People can win salvation only by faith in God’s forgiveness. “Good works” were not needed.
All teachings of the Church should be based only on the Bible.
All people of faith are equal. Priests are not needed to interpret the Bible.

7. Reactions of the Church
Pope Leo X excommunicated
Luther in 1520
Charles V – Holy Roman Emperor
issues Edict of Worms
Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony helps Luther and his teachings are put into practice
German princes support Luther’s ideas

8. Protestants
German princes sign a protest against the Pope – became known as Protestants
Protestant - Christians who belong to non-Catholic churches

9. Peace of Augsburg
princes of Germany agree that each ruler would decide the religion of his own area
applied to Catholics and Protestants both

10. Division of the Christian Church

12. Henry VIII - England

13. Henry VIII - England king of England in 1509 was Catholic
wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon due to her having only one female child
Pope wouldn’t allow it
Henry started his own church that allowed divorce
called it the Anglican Church or Church of England – and the king was the head of the church

14. Henry VIII – England
remarried Anne Boleyn – she gave him another female child
Henry had Anne beheaded
Jane Seymour – the 3rd wife – finally produces a male child for Henry (named Edward)
all of Henry’s children will rule England and this creates religious turmoil

15. Henry’s Children Mary I –”Bloody Mary”
Edward VI – king at a young age for only six years
Elizabeth I – started American Colonies

16. Elizabeth I - England
restored Protestantism to England after her sister Mary made Catholicism the official church and killed Protestants
made the Anglican Church the only legal church in England
started the American colonies to make money for England

17. Protestant Reformers
Huldrych Zwingli – attacked the Catholic church and wanted members to have more control over services
John Calvin – said men and women are sinful by nature, people cannot earn salvation, God has chosen those to save already (called the “elect”) – predestination
John Knox – followed Calvin’s teachings but called church leaders presbyters (started the Presbyterian church) in Scotland
Anabaptists – believed that only people who were old enough to choose to be saved could be saved – those baptized at birth had to be “re-baptized”

18. Protestant Reformers
John Knox
John Calvin
Huldrych Zwingli

19. Predestination only those chosen by God to be saved will be saved
God has chosen these people already – we have no control over it
those who are chosen are called the “elect”

20. Theocracy a government controlled by religious leaders
rules are based on religious ideas
usually the rules are very strict
example – Calvin’s followers lived in towns where bright clothing and games were not allowed

21. Catholic Reforms
some Catholics wanted to change the church practices – their movement is called the Catholic Reformation
Ignatius of Loyola – believed daily devotions, prayer, and meditation cleansed the soul – started the order of the Jesuits
Jesuits started schools and converted people to Christianity

22. The Inquisition
movement by the Catholic church to hunt down and prosecute any Protestants for heresy
led to chaos in the church – many leaders of the church were put on trial as well
Ignatius of Loyola

23. Council of Trent
Catholic officials agreed to several statements of the church:
1-Church’s interpretation of the Bible is final.
2-Christians need both faith and good works to get to heaven.
3-The Bible and the Church were equal religious authorities.
4-Indulgences are valid expressions of faith, but selling them falsely is wrong.

24. Legacy of the Reformation
left Europe culturally divided
Protestant churches flourish and the Catholic church is more unified
education became more important
did not change the role of women
Catholic church lost political power
monarchs gain political power
led to the Enlightenment