1. Laboratory Equipment 1 st semester 1436-1437 King Saud University College of Applied studies and Community Service 1302CT By: Nour Alhariqi

2. Laboratory Equipments Base unit Lab circuit boardOscilloscope Function generator

3. Function Generator Function generator is a device that is used to generate different types of electrical waveforms over a wide range of frequencies. A function generator is also known as “signal generator” or “waveform generator” Common waveforms produced by the function generator are the sine, square, triangular and sawtooth shapes.

4. Function Generator Function generators have a few common features: A way to select a waveform type: sine, square, and triangle A way to select the waveform frequency. (the frequency range from 20 Hz to 200 kHz in four ranges). A way to select the waveform amplitude. (the V p-p is from 0 to 20 volt) At least two outputs: The “main" output, which is where you find the desired waveform. The second output is used for synchronizing another device to the possibly variable main output signal.

5. Function Generator To select the type of waveform Power switch Main output To adjust the amplitude To select the frequency

6. Oscilloscope The oscilloscope is basically a graph- displaying device – it draws a graph of an electrical waveform. The oscilloscope is typically divided into four sections: The display section. The vertical controls section. The horizontal controls section. The trigger controls section.

7. Oscilloscope A screen power switchfocus knobintensity knob Volts/Div selector Y-pos knobs input channels Sec/Div selector X-position knob

8. Display Section The display section consists of a screen, a focus knob, and an intensity knob. The screen display the signals in a voltage (Y-axis) versus time (X-axis) graph. It is divided into horizontal and vertical lines to create the graticule. The graticule is usually laid out in an 8- by-10 division pattern (about 1 cm for a square). An intensity control to adjust the brightness of the waveform. A focus control to adjust the sharpness of the waveform.

9. The Vertical Controls Section The vertical section controls the amplitude and the position of the waveform vertically. This section contains a Volts-per-Division (Volts/Div) selector knob, Y-axis position (Y-pos) knob, the two input channels, and other controllers. The Y-pos used to move the waveform up and down. The volts/div knob varies the size of the waveform on the screen. It is a scale factor. For example if the volts/div is setting to 5 volts, then each of the eight vertical divisions represents 5 volts and the entire screen can display 40 volts from bottom to top.

10. The Vertical Controls Section If the setting is 0.5 volts/div, the screen can display 4 volts from bottom to top, and so on. The maximum voltage you can display on the screen is the volts/div setting multiplied by the number of vertical divisions. The signal to be viewed on the oscilloscope screen is fed to the input channels (input channel I and input channel II) of the oscilloscope.

11. The Horizontal Section The horizontal section controls the position and the scale of the waveform horizontally. The primary controls in this section are: the Seconds-per- Division (Sec/Div) selector switch and the position knob. Use the sec/div control to set the amount of time per division represented horizontally across the screen. If the setting is 1 ms, each horizontal division represents 1 ms and the total screen width represents 10 ms, The position knob is used to move the waveform left and right

12. Analog Communications circuit board The Analog Communications circuit board is used configure, operate, and troubleshoot the following seven circuit blocks : Amplitude Modulation (AM) Transmitter and Receiver. Single-Sideband (SSB) Transmitter and Receiver. Frequency Modulator (FM). Phase Modulator (PM). Quadrature Detector (FM Demodulation). Phase-Locked Loop (PLL). PLL FM Detector.

14. Base Units The base units provide a means of operating, analyzing, and troubleshooting the lab circuit board.