1. Chapter 3 Nursing Education and Research Fundamentals of Nursing: Standards & Practices, 2E

2.  Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 3-2 Nursing Education  Overview An entry level educational program means that the program prepares graduates to write a licensing examination. Graduates of registered nurse programs write the NCLEX-RN examination. Graduates of licensed practical/vocational programs write the NCLEX-PN exam.

3.  Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 3-3  Licensed Practical Nursing LPNs/LVNs train in basic nursing skills to provide client care under the guidance of an RN or other licensed provider. LPN/LVN programs are 9 to 12 months in length. Once licensed, practical nurses are prepared to work in structured settings (i.e., hospitals) under RN supervision.

4.  Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 3-4  Registered Nursing RNs are prepared for entry in practice via associate degree, baccalaureate degree, and diploma programs

5.  Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 3-5  The ANA’s 1965 Position Statement identified two entry levels of educational preparation: baccalaureate degree as the minimum preparation for professional practice; associate degree for technical practice.

6.  Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 3-6  Associate Degree in Nursing Programs are typically two years in length. Programs are usually located in community colleges. In the 1950s, Mildred Montag introduced the notion of associate degree nursing. Programs focus on basic skill preparation and, traditionally, emphasized clinical practice in the hospital setting.

7.  Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 3-7  Diploma Program in Nursing Programs vary in length from 2 to 3 years. Programs are hospital-based nursing education.

8.  Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 3-8 Diploma programs have always been associated with providing nursing students with strong hospital-based, clinical experience. With the decline in hospitalized patients, diploma programs have expanded their practice sites into the community.

9.  Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 3-9  Baccalaureate Degree in Nursing In the early 1900s, baccalaureate programs were established to provide students with a liberal arts education. Program is typically, a four year program that awards the Bachelor of Science degree in nursing (BSN).

10.  Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 3-10 Major components of the program include liberal education, professional values, core competencies, core knowledge, and role development.

11.  Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 3-11  Enrollment Trends in Nursing Programs According to the National League for Nursing (NLN), enrollments in all entry level nursing programs have decreased between 1995 and 1999.

12.  Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 3-12  Nontraditional Entry Level Programs Second degree programs, master’s, or doctoral degrees as entry level are examples of nontraditional programs. These programs build on the students’ prior education and/or experience. They provide the student with several years of accelerated nursing education.

13.  Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 3-13  Postgraduate Programs Nurses wanting to expand their clinical practice in a specialty area could enroll in postgraduate, non-degree granting programs. Postgraduate programs are 9 to 12 months in length.

14.  Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 3-14 Graduates are eligible to apply for licensure as an advanced practice nurse with the State Board of Nursing.

15.  Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 3-15  Graduate Nursing Education The master’s degree in nursing allows nurses to expand their roles: educator, administrator, or advanced practitioner. Doctoral programs in nursing build on the master’s preparation with an emphasis on the application of research findings to clinical practice.

16.  Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 3-16 Enrollments in master’s programs have increased significantly from the 1970s to the 1990s.

17.  Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 3-17  Staff Development and Continuing Education Both are used to maintain the requisite knowledge and skill needed for comtemporary practice in addition to a formal academic degree. Orientation and in-service development is critical to maintain high quality of care.

18.  Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 3-18  Education Reform Mandates The PEW Health Professions Commission issued a report entitled Healthy America: Practitioners for 2005 describing competencies for health professionals. Nursing leaders embraced these competencies as consistent with the issues raised in Nursing’s Agenda for Health Care Reform (ANA, 1991).

19.  Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 3-19  Trends in Nursing Education Competency development and differentiated practice Enrollments Instructional strategies Nursing faculty

20.  Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 3-20 Advanced educational preparation Licensure Size of work force Delivery of care

21.  Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 3-21 Research  Historical Development Florence Nightingale combined client care with research to show “the impact of disease…”. In the 1800s, societal norms and the “training” versus “education” of nurses impacted nursing research negatively.

22.  Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 3-22 With the integration of nursing into higher education, the role of researcher became a natural acquisition for nurses. Nursing research from 1940 to 1965 focused on educational curriculum questions as well as the roles and characteristics of nurses.

23.  Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 3-23 The Journal of Nursing Education was established in 1952 to inform nurses about clinical research; this goal was not achieved until the mid-1970s. In 1974, the ANA House of Delegates passed a resolution calling for more clinical research.

24.  Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 3-24  Research Process Quantitative research involves the systematic collection of numerical information. Qualitative research involves the systematic collection and analysis of more subjective narrative materials.

25.  Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 3-25  Types of Research Design Historical Exploratory Evaluative Descriptive Experimental Quasi-experimental

26.  Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 3-26  Roles of the RN in Research Nurse scientist Principal investigator Research team member Research consumer Advocate for research clients

27.  Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 3-27  Rights of Research Participants Self-determination Privacy Anonymity Fair treatment Protection from discomfort and harm Informed consent

28.  Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 3-28  Application - Research Articles When an article is written by one or more researchers, it is called a primary source. When an author addresses the research of someone else, it is referred to as a secondary source.

29.  Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 3-29  Organizational Structure The National Institute of Nursing Research promotes research and the training of researchers in universities, hospitals, and research centers.

30.  Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 3-30 The Agency for Health Care Research and Quality supports research designed to improve the quality of health care, reduce costs, and broaden access to essential health care services.

31.  Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 3-31  Trends in Nursing Research With the identification of clear, significant priorities for study, striving for excellence in the evolving knowledge base, and confirming study findings, nurse researchers are providing a scientific position from which to address health care issues and guide nursing practice.