1. What Is Drama? Structure of a Drama Kinds of Plays Tragedy Comedy Modern Drama Performance of a Play The Stage The Characters Review Practice Drama Feature Menu

2. A play is a story acted out, live and onstage. What Is Drama? [End of Section]

3. Like the plot of a story, the plot of a drama follows a rising-and-falling structure. Climax tension at highest point Resolution conflict is settled, play ends Complications tension builds Exposition conflict is introduced conflict Structure of a Drama [End of Section]

4. A play may be a tragedy, a comedy, or, in modern drama, a mixture of the two. A tragedy depicts serious and important events that end unhappily. A comedy ends happily. Although most comedies are funny, they may also make us think and question. Kinds of Plays

5. Which plot would be a tragedy, and which would be a comedy? Kinds of Plays Quick Check 1. A young woman wants to marry her love, but her mother disapproves of him. After many setbacks, the suitor wins the mother’s approval and the lovers marry. 2. A young man, blinded by passion, worsens a feud between his family and his lover’s. The play ends with the deaths of the two lovers. [End of Section]

6. Kinds of Plays Quick Check 1. A young woman wants to marry her love, but her mother disapproves of him. After many setbacks, the suitor wins the mother’s approval and the lovers marry. 2. A young man, blinded by passion, worsens a feud between his family and his lover’s. The play ends with the deaths of the two lovers. Comedy Tragedy Which plot would be a tragedy, and which would be a comedy?

7. Most classical tragedies deal with serious subjects—fate, life, and death—and center on a tragic hero. Tragic heroes Innocent heroes ambition excessive pride rebelliousness passion are usually noble figures have a tragic flaw, a personal failing that leads to their downfall Tragedy [End of Section]

8. In a comedy, the characters usually face humorous obstacles and problems that are resolved by the end of the play. Comic heroes may be ordinary people instead of nobility eventually overcome their flaws and achieve happiness Comedy

9. The conflict in comedies is usually romantic. Someone wants to marry but faces an obstacle—opposing parents or rival suitors. Comedy [End of Section] Complications can involve misunderstandings, mistaken identities, disguises, or transformation. The obstacle is always overcome.

10. Many of today’s dramas can’t be neatly defined as either comedy and tragedy. Modern plays often mix the serious with the humorous focus on characters that audiences will identify with rather than look up to Modern Drama [End of Section]

11. Plays are meant to be performed. A play comes to life in each unique performance. Stage Directions Playwright describes setting and actions Interpretation Actors, directors, and designers interpret these directions creatively Performance Audience experiences the story through the actors’ speech and actions Performance of a Play [End of Section]

12. A stage is like a small world unto itself. A stage can be grand or intimate has its own coordinates upstage downstage stage leftstage right The Stage

13. The stage’s set might be A set can be changed from scene to scene— sometimes with machinery and sometimes with just a change in lighting. realistic and detailed The Stage abstract or minimal

14. Other important elements of set design are costumes and props. Costumes tell us about the characters and the time and place. They can be elaborate or minimal. Props are items that the characters carry or handle onstage. The Stage [End of Section]

15. deciding how to interpret and speak the lines of the play The actors and director bring characters to life by building on the playwright’s stage directions for actions and movements The Characters [Mary takes off her jacket and faces the audience.] Mary: Can I make it on my own?

16. Characters’ speech takes the form of Dialogue—conversation between characters Monologue—a long speech by one character to one or more other characters Soliloquy—a speech by a character alone onstage, speaking to himself or herself or to the audience Asides The Characters [End of Section]

17. What are the stage directions in this passage? Is this more likely to be a comedy or a tragedy? Why? Review [End of Section] Quick Check [Gwendolen and Cecily are at the window, looking out into the garden.] Gwendolen. The fact that they did not follow us at once into the house... seems to me to show that they have some sense of shame left. Cecily. They have been eating muffins. That looks like repentance. Gwendolen. [After a pause.] They don’t seem to notice us at all. Couldn’t you cough? from The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde

18. [Gwendolen and Cecily are at the window, looking out into the garden.] Gwendolen. The fact that they did not follow us at once into the house... seems to me to show that they have some sense of shame left. Cecily. They have been eating muffins. That looks like repentance. Gwendolen. [After a pause.] They don’t seem to notice us at all. Couldn’t you cough? from The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde Review Quick Check What are the stage directions in this passage?

19. Comedy—it describes a silly situation in a humorous tone. Review Quick Check Is this more likely to be a comedy or a tragedy? Why? [Gwendolen and Cecily are at the window, looking out into the garden.] Gwendolen. The fact that they did not follow us at once into the house... seems to me to show that they have some sense of shame left. Cecily. They have been eating muffins. That looks like repentance. Gwendolen. [After a pause.] They don’t seem to notice us at all. Couldn’t you cough? from The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde

20. Tragedy—a narrative about serious and important events that lead to a disastrous outcome The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet Literary Focus: Tragedy A tragedy usually ends with the deaths of the main characters. Their downfall may be the result of character flaws that lead to unwise actions fate (events beyond the characters’ control) a little bit of both

21. The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet Literary Focus: Tragedy Shakespeare’s tragic plays usually follow a five-part sequence: Act I Exposition Act V Climax and resolution Act III Crisis, or turning point Act II Rising action, or complications Act IV Falling action

22. The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet Literary Focus: Tragedy Exposition establishes setting introduces characters explains background introduces characters’ main conflict

23. The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet Literary Focus: Tragedy Rising action consists of a series of complications that occur when the main characters take action to resolve their problems.

24. The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet Literary Focus: Tragedy The crisis, or turning point, is the moment when a choice made by the main characters determines the direction of the action. In a tragedy, the action heads downward, toward disaster. In a comedy, the action heads upward, toward a happy ending.

25. The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet Literary Focus: Tragedy The crisis is the point when all the forces of conflict come together to create the greatest drama and tension of the play. Look for the turning point as you read Act III of Romeo and Juliet.

26. The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet Literary Focus: Tragedy Falling action presents events that result from the action taken at the turning point. With each event, we see the characters falling deeper into tragedy.

27. The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, Act II Literary Focus: Tragedy Climax is the moment of greatest emotional intensity in the plot. In a tragedy, the final and greatest climax occurs near the end of the play and usually consists of the deaths of the main characters.

28. The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet Literary Focus: Tragedy Resolution (or denouement) is the final part of the play. All the loose ends are tied up, and the play is over. [End of Section]

29. The End

30. Conflict is a struggle or clash between opposing characters or opposing forces. External conflict is a character’s struggle against an outside force, such as another character, society as a whole, or something in nature. Internal conflict is a struggle between opposing needs, desires, or emotions within the character. Structure of a Drama

31. Innocent Heroes Some tragedies, such as Romeo and Juliet, portray the suffering of innocent characters who are not responsible for their own downfall. Tragedy

32. Aside Sometimes a character speaks to the audience or to another character in an aside, dialogue that is not supposed to be heard by the other characters onstage. The Characters