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The Renaissance
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Italy Humanism Secular themes Classical beliefs Talents Education
Change from medieval Classical beliefs Individualism Talents Education Humanities Literature Sonnets Machiavelli The prince Revolutionary thought Moral compromise Scholars Question/Challenge everything Church?
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Italy, cont’d. Society Wealth and ability Bankers become most powerful
Upper class Hierarchy: Bankers Merchants Artisans & Shopkeepers Working Poor Peasants
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Italy, cont’d. Government City-states Signori Military Diplomacy
Loose confederation Signori Authoritarian style Military Condottieri Result? Diplomacy Ambassadors Balance of Power
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Italy, cont’d Florence Rome Medici family Pro-humanist Savonarola
Rejection of “worldly” Not so happy ending Rome Rebuilt by Popes Scholars St. Peter’s Basilica
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Italy, cont’d. Venice Major trading port International link for Italy
Political stability Doge Republican style government
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Yes, more Italy…(Yawn) The Arts Architecture Sculpture Painting
Classical style “Comfort and Beauty” Credit Sculpture Focus on lively activities Painting Human emotion Lighting Perspective Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa Last Supper Women Access?
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Values Humanism Worldly Pleasures Potential and achievements
Based on Greek Values Importance of the humanities History Philosophy Literature Worldly Pleasures End of modesty to show faith Wealthy enjoy luxuries Secular society People concerned with “here and now” Affects all of society
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Supporting the Arts Church leaders spend large amounts of money on arts Beautify cities Patrons Financially support artists Merchants and Wealthy families
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Gender Roles Renaissance Man Renaissance Woman “Universal Man”
Excel in all areas Baldassare Castiglione The Courtier Explains all the qualities that a Renaissance man should have Renaissance Woman Well educated Inspiration of art… not creators of art
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The Great Four Leonardo Michelangelo True Renaissance Man
Inventor, painter, sculptor, scientist Mona Lisa, Last Supper Michelangelo Painter, sculptor David, Sistine Chapel
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The Great Four, cont’d. Raphael Donatello Focuses on realism
Uses facial expressions in paintings School of Athens Donatello Sculptor Human and Equestrian works
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Writing Vernacular Use of native language instead of Latin Purpose?
Self-expression Portray individuality
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Spreading the “Word” Ideas Gutenberg Moveable type printing press
Bible (1454) Literacy rates increase Prevent errors
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The Renaissance Spreads…
France Chateaux Mix of styles Northern Europe Christian Humanism Religious tone Seek reform Erasmus Critical views The Praise of Folly Makes fun of higher society Believed people should study the Bible Painting Medieval style
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Renaissance Abroad… England Starts much later
Henry VII invites scholars Social issues Thomas More Utopia (Christian Humanism) Shakespeare Legends, mythology, history Universal human qualities Relevance…
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Protestant Reformation
Criticisms of the Catholic Church Leaders were corrupt Extravagant spending Pursuing worldly affairs Having illegitimate children People call for reforms
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Protestant Reformation, cont’d.
Martin Luther Challenges the Church Catholic Monk and teacher (University of Wittenburg) Criticizes Church Officials Selling of indulgences Buying way into Heaven 95 theses List of criticisms Copied and spread through Europe Begins Reformation movement
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Luther’s Teachings Salvation by faith in God’s forgiveness
Church Teachings should be based on the words of the bible All people of Faith are equal People do not need priests to interpret the bible for them
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Response Pope Leo X Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
excommunicates Luther (1520) Holy Roman Emperor Charles V Wants Luther tried as a heretic Luther and followers separate from Catholic Church Creates Lutheranism Peasant Revolt (Germany) Raid Monasteries through countryside German Princes Protest Catholic Church Creation of Protestantism Christians who are non-Catholic
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Protestantism in England
Henry VIII (King of England) Devout Catholic Political problem Needs Male Heir Has one daughter with wife Wants to divorce and remarry to have son Church does not allow for divorce
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Solution? Henry VIII makes himself head of England’s Church Wives
“Act of Supremacy” Death for Treason Wives #2 Anne Bolyn Daughter, Elizabeth #3 Jane Seymour Son, Edward Marries three more times…
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Heirs to the Throne Henry’s Legacy Edward VI becomes king at 9 y/o
England stays Protestant Dies after six year rule “Bloody” Mary Returns England to Catholic Rule Executes Protestants Elizabeth Executes Mary Returns Kingdom to Church of England
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