1. Key Idea #16 All organisms have a life span and must reproduce in order to continue the species.

2. Reproduction allows the genetic material of living things to be passed from generation to generation. is required for the survival of a species. includes two types: –sexual –asexual

3. Asexual Reproduction Advantages: only one parent is needed offspring are genetically identical to parent can produce large numbers of offspring Disadvantages: no genetic variety because offspring are genetically identical to the parent since organisms are identical, the species can’t adapt to a changing environment

4. Types of asexual reproduction include: runners bulbs tubers budding binary fission fragmentation regeneration cloning

5. FYI: Fragmentation and Regeneration A type of asexual reproduction found in less evolved animals. When the parent body breaks into pieces, each piece can grow into a new organism that is identical to the parent. –starfish, planaria http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://image.tutorvista.com/content/reproduction/planaria-regeneration.jpeg&imgrefurl=http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-ii/reproduction/asexual- reproduction.php&usg=__RTk4xJj77XukAzKY23f81XPmc1o=&h=371&w=415&sz=16&hl=en&start=28&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=AO9LlKVsW0u0XM:&tbnh=112&tbnw=125&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dregeneration%2Band%2Bfragmentation%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN% 26start%3D20%26um%3D1 http://web.mit.edu/neuro/planaria.html

6. Sexual Reproduction Advantages: Genetic variety offspring are genetically similar to their parents both parents contribute 50% of the offspring’s genetic material. Organisms have a greater chance of adapting to environmental changes learn.genetics.utah.edu

7. Sexual Reproduction Disadvantages: Two organisms must be involved. Some genetic combinations can negatively affect the survival of some species by passing on diseases and genetic defects. Genetic defect examples: (see book pages 120-123) –Cystic Fibrosis –Sickle-Cell Disease –Hemophilia –Down Syndrome

8. What about fraternal and identical twins?

9. FYI: Fraternal Twins are produced when two separate sperm cells fertilize two different egg cells by sexual reproduction. are not identical because they have different DNA ( chromosomes and genes ) http://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/you-are-pregnant/twins-multiples.cfm

10. FYI: Identical Twins are produced after one sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell by sexual reproduction and the fertilized egg divides into two fertilized egg cells by asexual reproduction. are identical because they have identical DNA (chromosomes and genes). http://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/you-are-pregnant/twins-multiples.cfm

11. Some organisms reproduce in more than one way……

12. Bacteria reproduce Asexually genetic material is duplicated before the cell divides resulting in two daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other. –Note: a disadvantage is antibiotics will kill all bacteria Sexually genetic material is transferred from one cell to another cell forming one new bacteria cell that is genetically different from the parent cells –Note: An advantage is antibiotic resistance in offspring. http://biology.about.com/od/bacteriology/a/aa080907a.htm

13. Plants reproduce sexually through pollination and fertilization asexually through production of runners, tubers, regeneration, bulbs, cloning, etc…

14. Life Cycle of the Flowering Plant