1. Systems Analysis & Design 7th Edition
Chapter 1

2. Chapter Objectives
Discuss the impact of information technology on business strategy and success
Define an information system and describe its components
Explain how profiles and models can represent business functions and operations
Explain how the Internet has affected business strategies and relationships
Identify various types of information systems and explain who uses them 3

3. Chapter Objectives Explain modeling, prototyping, and CASE tools
Distinguish between structured analysis and object-oriented analysis
Compare the systems development life cycle waterfall model to adaptive models
Discuss the role of the information technology department and the systems analysts who work there 3

4. Introduction
Companies use information as a weapon in the battle to increase productivity, deliver quality products and services, maintain customer loyalty, and make sound decisions
Information technology can mean the difference between success and failure 4

5. The Impact of Information Technology
Combination of hardware and software products and services that companies use to manage, access, communicate, and share information
A vital asset that must be used effectively, updated constantly, and safeguarded carefully 4

6. The Impact of Information Technology
The Future of IT
Accounts for almost 30 percent of America’s economic growth, and the wage gaps between IT workers and all other workers will continue to widen
Global online population skyrocketed between 2000 and 2005 4

7. The Impact of Information Technology
The Role of Systems Analysis and Design
Systems Analysis and Design
Step-by-step process for developing high-quality information systems
Systems Analyst
Plan, develop, and maintain information systems 4

8. The Impact of Information Technology
Who develops Information Systems?
In-house applications
Software packages
Internet-based application services
Outsourcing
Custom solutions
Enterprise-wide software strategies
How versus What 4

9. Information System Components
A system is a set of related components that produces specific results
A mission-critical system is one that is vital to a company’s operations
Data consists of basic facts that are the system’s raw material 12

10. Information System Components
Hardware
Moore’s Law
Software
System software
Application software
Enterprise applications
Horizontal system 13

11. Information System Components
Software
Vertical system
Legacy systems
Data
Tables
Linking

12. Information System Components
Processes
Define the tasks and business functions that users, managers, and IT staff members perform to achieve specific results
People
Users, or end users, are the people who interact with an information system, both inside and outside the company 16

13. Understanding The Business
Business Process Modeling
Business Profile
Business Models
Business model
Business process
Business process reengineering (BPR) 9

14. Understanding The Business
New Kinds of Companies
Production-oriented
Service-oriented
Internet-dependent
Dot-com (.com)
Brick-and-mortar 18

15. Impact of the Internet E-Commerce or I-Commerce
B2C (Business-to-Consumer)
B2B (Business-to-Business)
EDI
Extensible markup language (XML)
Supplier relationship management (SRM) 18

16. Impact of the Internet Web-Based System Development WebSphere .NET
Web services 18

17. How Business Uses Information Systems
In past, IT managers divided systems into categories based on the user group the system served
Office systems
Operational systems
Decision support systems
Executive information systems 19

18. How Business Uses Information Systems
Today, it makes more sense to identify a system by its functions, rather than by users
Enterprise computing systems
Transaction processing systems
Business support systems
Knowledge management systems
User productivity systems 20

19. How Business Uses Information Systems
Enterprise computing systems
Support company-wide operations and data management requirements
Transaction processing systems
Efficient because they process a set of transaction-related commands as a group rather than individually 21

20. How Business Uses Information Systems
Business support systems
Provide job-related information to users at all levels of a company
Management information systems (MIS)
Radio frequency identification (RFID)
What-if 23

21. How Business Uses Information Systems
Knowledge management systems
Called expert systems
Simulate human reasoning by combining a knowledge base and inference rules
Many use fuzzy logic 24

22. How Business Uses Information Systems
User productivity systems
Technology that improves productivity
Groupware
Information systems integration
Most large companies require systems that combine transaction processing, business support, knowledge management, and user productivity features 25

23. Information System Users and Their Needs27

24. Information System Users and Their Needs
Top managers
Middle Managers and Knowledge Workers
Supervisors and Team Leaders
Operational Employees 27

25. Systems Development Tools and Techniques
Modeling
Models are used to describe and simplify an IS
Prototyping
Test system concepts
Computer-Aided Systems Engineering
CASE tools

26. Systems Development Tools and Techniques
Modeling
Business/Requirements model: Information the systems must provide (Ch 3)
Data model : how data is represented and accessed (ch. 4)
Object model: describe objects which combine data and processes
Network model: the design and protocols of networks
Process model: outlines the logical processes and their interrelationships (Ch 4)

27. Systems Development Tools and Techniques
Prototyping
Prototype
Speeds up the development process significantly
Important decisions might be made too early, before business or IT issues are thoroughly understood
Can be an extremely valuable tool

28. Systems Development Tools and Techniques
Computer-Aided Systems Engineering (CASE) Tools
Also called computer-aided software engineering

29. Systems Development Methods
Alternatives:
Systems development life cycle (SDLC)
Traditional approach
Object-oriented analysis (O-O)
Newer approach
Mixed method

30. Systems Development Methods
Structured Analysis
Systems development life cycle (SDLC)
Uses a series of phases: Plan, Analyze, Design, Implement, Support
Predictive approach
Process-centered technique
Uses a set of process models to describe a system graphically
Process models – identify data flowing into a process, rules for transformation, and output flows

31. Systems Development Methods
Sample Process model

32. Systems Development Methods
Object-oriented Analysis
O-O analysis combines data & processes into objects
Object is a member of a class
Objects possess properties
Methods change an object’s properties
A message requests specific behavior or information from another object

33. Systems Development Methods
Object-oriented Analysis
The PERSON class includes INSTRUCTOR and STUDENT objects,
which have their own properties and inherited properties.

34. Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project
In addition to selecting a development method, system developers also must create a plan or model for the many tasks that will be required
Typically, the development team will use project management tools to help achieve the end result

35. Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project
The SDLC Waterfall Model
The phases and deliverables of the SDLC are shown in the waterfall model.

36. Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project
The SDLC Waterfall Model
Disadvantage in the built-in structure of the SDLC, because the waterfall model does not emphasize interactivity among the phases
This criticism can be valid if the SDLC phases are followed too rigidly
However, adjacent phases usually interact

37. Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project
Adaptive approach – spiral development model
builds on a series of iterations.

38. Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project
Adaptive Methods and Models
Attempt to develop a system incrementally, by building a series of prototypes and constantly adjusting them to user requirements
Extreme Programming (XP)
Analysts should recognize that these approaches have advantages and disadvantages 37

39. Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project
The SDLC Waterfall Model
Usually includes five steps
Systems planning
Systems analysis
Systems design
Systems implementation
Systems operation, support, and security 30

40. Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project
Systems planning
Systems request
Purpose of this phase is to perform a preliminary investigation whose key part is a feasibility study
Systems Analysis
First step is requirements modeling
End product is the System requirements document 32

41. Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project
Systems Design
Identify all outputs, inputs, and processes
End product is system design specification
Systems Implementation
New system is constructed
Users, managers, IT staff trained to operate and support the system
System evaluation performed 34

42. Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project
Systems Operation, Support, and Security
A well-designed system must be secure, reliable, maintainable, and scalable
After several years of operation, systems need extensive changes
SDLC ends with system replacement 36

43. Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project
Joint Application Development and Rapid Application Development Methods and Models
Joint application development (JAD)
Rapid application development (RAD)
Other Development Methods and Models
Rational Unified Process (RUP®)
Microsoft Solutions Framework (MSF)

44. Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project
The Importance of Project Management
Regardless of the development strategy, people, tasks, timetables, and expenses must be managed effectively
Complex projects can involve dozens of people, hundreds of tasks, and many thousands of dollars

45. Systems Development Guidelines
Stick to a plan
Involve the users throughout the development process
Listening is very important
Use project management tools to identify tasks and milestones
Remain flexible
Develop accurate cost and benefit information

46. Information Technology Department
The information technology (IT) department develops and maintains a company’s information systems
The IT group provides technical support 41

47. Information Technology Department
Application Development
Team may include users, managers and IT Staff members
Systems Support and Security
Deployment team
User Support
Help desk or information center (IC) 41

48. Information Technology Department
Database Administration
Database design, management, security, backup, and user access
Network Administration
Includes hardware and software maintenance, support, and security
Web Support
Webmasters 41

49. Information Technology Department
Quality Assurance (QA)
Reviews and tests all applications and systems changes to verify specifications and software quality standards
Is a separate unit that reports directly to IT management 41

50. The Systems Analyst Position
A systems analyst investigates, analyzes, designs, develops, installs, evaluates, and maintains a company’s information systems
On large projects, the analyst works as a member of an IT department team
Smaller companies often use consultants to perform the work 42

51. The Systems Analyst Position
Responsibilities
Translate business requirements into practical IT projects to meet needs
Required Skills and Background
Solid communication skills and analytic ability 42

52. The Systems Analyst Position
Certification
Career Opportunities
Job titles
Company organization
Company size
Corporate culture
Salary, location, and future growth 42

53. Chapter Summary
IT is a combination of hardware, software, and telecommunications systems that support business
The essential components of an information system are hardware, software, data, processes, and people
Companies are production oriented, service oriented, or a combination of the two
Organization structure usually includes levels 49

54. Chapter Summary
Systems analyst use modeling, prototyping, and CASE tools
Various development methodologies exist
Regardless of the development model, it is important to use project management tools necessary to manage people, tasks, timetables, and expenses
An IT department develops, maintains and operates a company’s information systems 49

55. Chapter Summary
Systems analysts need a combination of technical and business knowledge, analytical ability, and communication
Chapter 1 complete 49