1. Writ of Certiorari-petition filed with the Supreme Court to request a review of a case. Rule of 4 Conference-Full Consideration Oral Arguments: Lawyers argue before the court Decision: 9-0, 8-1, 7-2, 6-3, 5-4 Opinions: 1. Majority-opinion of most of the Justices 2. Concurring-agree with the majority but for different reasons. 3. Dissenting-disagree with the majority.

2. FREEDOM OF SPEECH: A. Clear and present danger test - Schenck Vs. US. Imminent lawless action. B. Balancing test - first amendment protection should be balanced against protecting the nation. C. Symbolic speech - protected by first amendment.

3. FREEDOM OF PRESS: a. Prior restraint - cannot prevent materials from being published. b. Libel - publication of something that unfairly damages an individuals reputation. c. Malice - knew the statement was false or acted without regard to it’s truth d. Obscenity - courts have tended to judge on an individual basis and local standards..

4. “Almighty God we acknowledge our dependence upon thee and beg thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers, and our country.”

5. Engel vs. Vitale 1962 Unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools.

6. FREEDOM OF RELIGION: Wall of separation - government should not initiate, promote, or sponsor prayer or other services. Lemon Test - Lemon Vs. Kurtzman 1. Financial aid must be non religious 2. Neither advance nor inhibit religion 3. Avoid an excessive entanglement

7. Reynolds Vs US. W.V. Vs Barnette Engel Vs Vitale CA. Vs Jimmy Swaggart Ministries Lynch Vs Donnelly

8. SEARCH AND SEIZURE: Probable cause Search warrant Exclusionary Rule - Mapp Vs Ohio Good faith Katz Vs US.

9. SELF INCRIMINATION: Escobedo Vs Illinois Miranda Vs Arizona RIGHT TO AN ATTORNEY: Gideon Vs Wainwright

10. CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT 1. Death penalty - Furman Vs Georgia 2. Unfair and unpredictable