1. Constructivism  Dada  Surrealism
Hannah Hoch

2. Russian Constructivism Surrealism. Dada
Not Photography movements, but movements happening in the Art World that heavily relied on the camera.

5. Cubism Expressionism Futurism
Other Art Movements that Influenced Constructivism, Surrealism, and Dada
Cubism
Expressionism
Futurism

6. Cubism (France) 1907 – 1914
Cubism was one of the most influential visual art styles of the early twentieth century.
Created by Pablo Picasso (Spanish, 1881–1973) and Georges Braque (French, 1882–1963) in Paris between 1907 and 1914.
Art critic described the work of this time as being made up of "cubes." 
Picasso
Georges Braque

7. The Cubist painters rejected the concept that art should copy nature, or that they should adopt the traditional techniques of perspective, modelling, and foreshortening.
Avant-garde Movement
- new and experimental ideas and methods in art, music, or literature
The key concept underlying Cubism is that the essence of an object can only be captured by showing it from multiple points of view simultaneously

8. Expressionism 1905 – 1930 Germany
An artistic style
Depict subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse in him
Personal, spontaneous self-expression
Use of distortion and exaggeration for emotional effect
Exaggeration, primitivism (basic/simple), and fantasy
Use of intense colour, agitated brushstrokes, and disjointed space
Seen in dance, cinema, literature and the theatre
Wassily Kandinsky, 1923

9. Edvard Munch, 1893
August Macke, 1913

10. Erich Heckel, 1919 Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, 1912
The artists vision of the object or scene
Not representing the real world, but rather an impression
They wanted instead to emphasize the two-dimensionality of the canvas.
They reduced and fractured objects into geometric forms
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, 1912
Erich Heckel, 1919

11. Futurism 1909 – 1916, Italy
The Futurists rejected anything old and looked towards a new Italy.
Past culture in Italy was felt as particularly oppressive. 
It emphasized and glorified themes of the future, speed, technology, youth and violence, and objects such as the car, the aeroplane and the industrial city.
Futurists proposed instead was an art that celebrated the modern world of industry and technology
Umberto Boccioni

12. fashion, textiles, literature, music,
The Futurists practiced in every medium of art, including:
Umberto Boccioni
painting, sculpture, ceramics, graphic design, industrial design, interior design, urban design, theatre, film, 
fashion, textiles, literature, music, 
architecture

13. Giacomo Balla

14. Dada 1916 – 1924
Dada was born out of a pool of avant-garde painters, poets and filmmakers who flocked to neutral Switzerland before and during WWI.
Dada sounded the same in every language, and it didn’t make any sense
Dadaists were always opposed to authoritarianism, and to any form of group leadership or guiding ideology.
Rebelled against what they saw as cultural snobbery, bourgeois convention, and political support for the war.
Held events, spontaneous readings, performances, and exhibitions.
Marcel Duchamp
Raoul Hausmann
George Grosz

15. Influenced by ideas and innovations from Cubism, Futurism, Constructivism, and Expressionism
Hugo Ball
Max Ernst

16. Medium/methods was wildly diverse
John Heartfield

17. Francis Picabia
Kurt Schwitters

18. Ranging from performance art to poetry, photography, sculpture, painting and collage
Dada's aesthetic, marked by its mockery of materialistic and nationalistic attitudes, proved a powerful influence on artists in many cities, including Berlin, Hanover, Paris, New York and Cologne, all of which generated their own groups. 
After the war, many of the artists who had participated in the Dada movement began to practice in a Surrealist mode.
Similar to Dada, Surrealism was characterized by a profound disillusionment with and condemnation of the Western emphasis on logic and reason. 

19. “We had lost confidence in our culture. Everything had to be demolished. At the Cabaret Voltaire we began by shocking common sense, public opinion, education, institutions, museums, good taste, in short, the prevailing order.”
- Marcel Janco

20. Well known Dadaists/Surrealists:
Hans Arp
Hugo Ball
André Breton
Salvador Dalí
Giorgio De Chirico
Marcel Duchamp
Max Ernst
Sigmund Freud
George Grosz
Raoul Hausmann
John Heartfield
Hannah Höch
René Magritte
André Masson
Joan Miró
László Moholy-Nagy
Meret Oppenheim
Francis Picabia
Man Ray
Hans Richter
Kurt Schwitters
Yves Tanguy
Tristan Tzara

21. Most of these artists were very young and had “opted out” of the war, seeking refuge in New York, Zurich and Barcelona
Word was spread by publications/manifestos rather than organized exhibitions
Used all forms of expression – cabaret performances, meetings, visual art, writing and riots
Avant-garde, rebels
More focused on political and social concerns
Migrated also to New York, where it was more theoretical, less political

22. Why is this important to photography?
DADAISTS HEAVILY USED THE CAMERA: WE SEE THE FIRST INSTANCE OF COLLAGE!
Collage: Pasting cut pieces of objects together such as train tickets, maps, rubbish – found objects
Photomontage: similar to collage, but using actual photographs from the media
Readymades: manufactured objects as “art” – turning into sculpture
Assemblage: 3D versions of collage
A movement where we saw artists using photography and the camera in their work.
They were not trained photographers, they had no allegiance to photography.
They didn’t care if photography was art or not.
They recognized the camera as a symbol of progress and industrialization.

23. Marcel Duchamp
Outspoken Dadaist
Liked to stir up controversy
Question, what is art?
Break down barriers of high art!
Redefining art
Created a personal brand of Cubism combining earthy colours, mechanical and visceral forms, and a depiction of movement which owes as much to Futurism as to Cubism. 
“To all appearances, the artist acts like a mediumistic being who, from the labyrinth beyond time and space, seeks his way out to a clearing.”

24. Duchamp did very little painting after 1912, creating the first of his 'readymades' in 1913.

25. These were ordinary objects of everyday use, sometimes slightly altered, and designated works of art by the artist.
The concept of the readymade became associated with an assault on the conventional understanding of the nature and status of art. 

26. Hannah Hoch

27. Known for her political collage and photomontage works
Hannah Höch appropriated and rearranged images and text from the mass media to critique the failings of the German Government 1910 – 1920.
She rejected the German government, but often focused her criticism more narrowly on gender issues, and is recognized as a pioneering feminist artist.

28. Höch drew inspiration from the collage work of Pablo Picasso and fellow Dada exponent Kurt Schwitters, and her own compositions share with those artists a similarly dynamic and layered style.
Höch preferred metaphoric imagery to the more direct, text-based confrontational approach.

32. John Heartfield, German 1891 –1968
A pioneer of modern photomontage.
Worked in Germany and Czechoslovakia between WWI – WWII.
He developed a unique method of appropriating and reusing photographs to powerful political effect.
Heartfield's images forecasted and reflected the chaos Germany experienced in the 1920s and '30s as it slipped toward social and political catastrophe.
The impact of Heartfield's images was so great that they helped transform photomontage into a powerful form of mass communication.

33. Heartfield devised photo-based symbols for the Communist Party of Germany, allowing the organization to compete with the Nazis' swastika.
His images of clenched fists, open palms, and raised arms all implied bold action and determination.

34. He chose recognizable press photographs of politicians or events from the mainstream illustrated press. He then disassembled and rearranged these images to radically alter their meaning.

35. Raoul Hausmann 1886–1971
German Dada artist, poet, photographer and polemicist. 

36.  Influenced by the Cubists
Co-founder of the Berlin Dada movement 1917
Greatly interested in photography and made photograms, rayograms and pictograms. 

37. Consistently blurring the boundaries between visual art, poetry, music, and dance. 

38. Branched out of Dadaism Started in Paris, 1924 by Andre Breton
Surrealism – Early 1920’s
Branched out of Dadaism
Started in Paris, 1924 by Andre Breton
Surrealism became an international intellectual and political movement.
Drew upon the private world of the mind, traditionally restricted by reason and societal limitations, to produce surprising, unexpected imagery.
Influenced by dream studies of Freud and political ideas of Marx
Joan Miró
Picasso

39. The surrealist movement originated in Paris in the 1920s, drawing its members from many countries in Europe and beyond.
Although it began as a literary movement, it soon developed to encompass the visual arts, engaging with ideas from psychoanalysis, philosophy and politics as well.
The surrealists opposed what they saw as the stultifying and oppressive aspects of society, and celebrated a vision of the world in which men’s imaginations and desires were set free.
… desire, the sole motivating principle of the world, the only master humans must recognise André Breton

40. Manifesto of Surrealism
Surrealism: Pure psychic automation by which one intends to express verbally, in writing or by other method, the real functioning of the mind. Dictation by thought or in the absence of any other control exercised by reason, and beyond any aesthetic or moral preoccupation.
“Surrealism is based on the belief … in the omnipotence of dreams, in the undirect play of thoughts.”

41. Photography and Surrealism
Photography came to occupy a central role in Surrealist activity. In the works of Man Ray and Maurice Tabard. The use of such procedures as double exposure, combination printing, montage, and solarization dramatically evoked the union of dream and reality. 
Maurice Tabard
Man Ray

42. Other photographers used techniques such as rotation or distortion to render their images uncanny.
Hans Bellmer obsessively photographed the mechanical dolls he fabricated himself, creating strangely sexualized images 
Umbo
Hans Bellmer
André Kertész

43. Man Ray 1922
Rayograph – said he invented it.
Surrealism – had a range. Some was realistic, some was pure fantasy
Photograms
Solarization
The photograph was taken with a two-hour-long exposure that beautifully captures the complex texture and diversity of materials that lay atop the glass surface.

51. Solarization: image is reversed (negative) when exposed to white light in darkroom
Distortion: used mirrors and lenses to distort the human form
Photograms: camera-less images
Assemblage: 3D versions of collage

52. Dali
Surrealist, worked with photography and painting

54. Other surrealist artists to consider:
Magritte
Miro

55. Russian Constructivism 1920-1934
Most likely Visually Influenced by Cubism
Made Art for social purposes
Emerged as Bolsheviks came to power in 1917
“Constructivism” was a term to described Alexander Rodchenko’s work
Wanted viewer to be active viewer
Inspired radical graphic design, cinema, and architecture

56. Constructivist:
Also used photomontage: less destructive than Dadaists
Technical analysis of modern materials. Not to express beauty, one’s own personal outlook or to represent the world
Focus on construction. “Truth to materials”
Photographs: strong, unique angles, abstract use of light. Paralleled Moholy-Nagy images

57. Rodchenko Work in sculpture, and collage, made political statements
Made amazing photos with really unique perspectives
Strong compositions
Designer by training
“One has to take several different shots of a subject, different points of view and in different situations, as if one examined it in the round rather than looked through the same key-hole again and again.”
“Our duty is to experiment”
“In order to educate man to a new longing, everyday familiar objects must be shown to him with totally unexpected perspectives and in unexpected situations. New objects should be depicted from different sides in order to provide a complete impression of the object.

65. Other Russian Constructivists to consider:
The use of photographs incorporated into collage.
Klutsis
Lissitzky – graphic design and sculpture

67. Visual Characteristics of Constructivists
Geometric Shapes
Fragmentation
Text
Layers
Completely different from Realism

69. Recent Artists Influenced by Constructivist movement:
Femke
Adam Fuss
Maggie Taylor
Uelsman
Schneider
Hockney
Kruger

70. International Avant-garde art movements had a lasting impact on contemporary art and many artists in Postmodernism
Artists heavily relied on the camera for visual experimentation, reference to mass media culture, and for political content
Most of these artists were not formally trained in photography or cared about its history. No allegiance to the medium itself or its place in art.
They did however alter ideas of perspective and composition with the camera and hugely influenced experimentation within the medium