1. 9/18/20151 Lesson 6 Images

2. 9/18/20152 Overview Creation of multimedia images. Creation of still images. Colors and palettes in multimedia. Image file types used in multimedia.

3. 9/18/20153 Creation of Multimedia Images Before commencing the creation of images in Multimedia, one should: Plan their approach using flow charts and storyboards. Organize the available tools. Have multiple monitors, if possible, for lots of screen real estate.

4. 9/18/20154 Creation of Still Images Still images may be the most important element of a multimedia project. The type of still images created depends on the display resolution, and hardware and software capabilities.

5. 9/18/20155 Creation of Still Images 1)Types of still images: a.Bitmaps: Bitmap is derived from the words ‘bit’, which means the simplest element in which only two digits are used, and ‘map’, which is a two- dimensional matrix of these bits. A bitmap is a data matrix describing the individual dots of an image.

6. 9/18/20156 Bitmaps Bitmaps are an image format suited for creation of: Photo-realistic images. Complex drawings. Images that require fine detail.

7. 9/18/20157 Bitmaps Bitmapped images are known as paint graphics. A bitmap is made up of individual dots or picture elements known as pixels or pels. Bitmapped images can have varying bit and color depths.

8. 9/18/20158 Bitmaps Available binary Combinations for Describing a Color

9. 9/18/20159 Bitmaps Figure 6-1 A bitmap is a data matrix that describes the characteristics of all the pixel making up an image. Here, each cube represents the data required to display a 4x4-pixel image (the face of the cube) at various color depths (with each cube extending behind the face indicating the number of bits-zeros or ones-used to represent the color for that pixel).

10. 9/18/201510 Figure 6-2 These images show the color depth of bitmaps as described in figure 6- 1. Note that images 4 and 6 require the same memory (same file size), but the gray-scale image is superior. Because file size (download time) is important for images that are displayed on the Web, designers often dither GIF bitmap files to the lowest color depth that will still provide an acceptable image.

11. 9/18/201511 Bitmaps Bitmaps can be inserted by: i.Using clip art galleries: A clip art gallery is an assortment of graphics, photographs, sound, and video. Clip arts are a popular alternative for users who do not want to create their own images. Clip arts are available on CD-ROMs and on the Internet.

12. 9/18/201512 Figure 6-3 A page of thumbnails showing the content of various PhotoDisc CD- ROMs.

13. 9/18/201513 Bitmaps Bitmaps can be inserted by(continued): ii.Using bitmap software: The industry standard for bitmap painting and editing programs are:  Adobe's Photoshop and Illustrator.  Macromedia's Fireworks.  Corel's Painter.  CorelDraw.  Quark Express.

14. 9/18/201514 Figure 6-4 The Windows Paint accessory provides rudimentary bitmap editing.

15. 9/18/201515 Figure 6-5 Director, like most serious multimedia authoring packages, includes powerful image-editing tools.

16. 9/18/201516 Figure 6-6 Fireworks provide tools for bitmap and vector graphics destined for Web presentations.

17. 9/18/201517 Figure 6-7 Painter is used for creating original artwork; for book, medical, and architectural illustration; to transform photographs into realistic-looking paintings; to build seamless patterns for fabrics; and for storyboarding scene concepts and customers for movies and theater.

18. 9/18/201518 Bitmaps Bitmaps can be inserted by(continued): iii.Capturing and editing images: Capturing and storing images directly from the screen is another way to assemble images for multimedia. The PRINT SCREEN button in Windows and COMMAND-CONTROL-SHIFT-4 keystroke on the Macintosh copies the screen image to the clipboard.

19. 9/18/201519 Figure 6-8 Image-editing programs let you add and delete elements.

20. 9/18/201520 Bitmaps Bitmaps can be inserted by(continued): iii.Capturing and editing images: Image editing programs enable the user to:  Enhance and make composite images.  Alter and distort images.  Add and delete elements.  Morph (manipulate still images to create animated transformations).

21. 9/18/201521 Figure 6-9 Morphing software was used to seamlessly transform the images of 16 kindergartners. When a sound track of music and voice was added to the four-minute piece, it made a compelling QuickTime video about how similar children are to each other.

22. 9/18/201522 Bitmaps Bitmaps can be inserted by(continued): iv.Scanning images: Users can scan images from conventional sources and make necessary alterations and manipulations.

23. 9/18/201523 Creation of Still Images 1)Types of still images(continued): b.Vector-drawn graphics:

24. 9/18/201524 Vector-Drawn Graphics b.1.Applications of vector-drawn images: Vector-drawn images are used in the following areas:  Computer-aided design (CAD) programs.  Graphic artists designing for the print media.  3-D animation programs.  Applications requiring drawing of graphic shapes.

25. 9/18/201525 Vector-Drawn Graphics b.2.How vector-drawn images work: A vector is a line that is described by the location of its two endpoints. Vector drawing makes use of Cartesian co- ordinates. Cartesian coordinates are numbers that describe a point in two or three-dimensional space as the intersection of X, Y, and Z axis.

26. 9/18/201526 Vector-Drawn Graphics b.3.Vector-drawn images v/s bitmaps: Vector images use less memory space and have a smaller file size as compared to bitmaps. For the Web, pages that use vector graphics in plug-ins download faster, and when used for animation, draw faster than bitmaps.

27. 9/18/201527 Vector-Drawn Graphics b.3.Vector-drawn images v/s bitmaps (continued): Vector images cannot be used for photorealistic images. Vector images require a plug-in for Web-based display. Bitmaps are not easily scalable and resizable. Bitmaps can be converted to vector images using autotracing.

28. 9/18/201528 Creation of Still Images 2)3-D drawing and rendering: 3-D animation, drawing, and rendering tools include: Ray Dream Designer. Caligari True Space 2. Specular Infini-D. Form*Z. NewTek's Lightwave.

29. 9/18/201529 3-D Drawing and Rendering b.Features of a 3-D application: Modeling - Placing all the elements into 3-D space. Extrusion - The shape of a plane surface extends some distance. Lathing - A profile of the shape is rotated around a defined axis. Rendering - Use of intricate algorithms to apply user-specified effects.

30. 9/18/201530 Figure 6-10 3-D applications provide x, y, and z axes and adjustable perspective views.

31. 9/18/201531 3-D Drawing and Rendering c.Panoramas: Panoramic images are created by stitching together a sequence of photos around a circle and adjusting them into a single seamless bitmap. Software such as ULead Cool 360, and Panorama Factory are required in order to create panoramas.

32. 9/18/201532 Figure 6-11 A chair modeled in Infini-D is made up of various blocks and rectangles.

33. 9/18/201533 Figure 6-12 A free-form object created by extrusion and a wine flute created by lathing.

34. 9/18/201534 Figure 6-13 A scene rendered with four different methods of shading.

35. 9/18/201535 Figure 6-14 A background and object rendered into an image with shadows and lighting effects.

36. 9/18/201536 Colors and Palettes in Multimedia 1.Understanding natural light and color: Light comes from an atom where an electron passes from a higher to a lower energy level. Each atom produces uniquely specific colors. Color is the frequency of a light wave within the narrow band of the electromagnetic spectrum, to which the human eye responds.

37. 9/18/201537 Figure 6-15 Color pickers allow you to select a color using one or more different models of color space.

38. 9/18/201538 Understanding Natural Light and Color 1.Additive color: In the additive color method, a color is created by combining colored light sources in three primary colors - red, green, and blue (RGB). TV and computer monitors use this method.

39. 9/18/201539 Understanding Natural Light and Color 2.Subtractive color: In the subtractive color method, color is created by combining colored media such as paints or ink. The colored media absorb (or subtract) some parts of the color spectrum of light and reflect the others back to the eye.

40. 9/18/201540 2.Subtractive color(continued): Subtractive color is the process used to create color in printing. The printed page consists of tiny halftone dots of three primary colors- cyan, magenta, and yellow (CMY). Understanding Natural Light and Color

41. 9/18/201541 Understanding Natural Light and Color 3.Monitor-specific color: Colors should be used according to the target audience's monitor specifications. The preferred monitor resolution is 800x600 pixels. The preferred color depth is 32 bits.

42. 9/18/201542 Understanding Natural Light and Color 4.Color models: Models used to specify color in computer Terms are: RGB model - A 24-bit methodology where color is specified in terms of red, green, and blue values ranging from 0 to 255. HSB and HSL models – Color is specified as an angle from 0 to 360 degrees on a color wheel. Other models include CMYK, CIE, YIQ, YUV, and YCC.

43. 9/18/201543 Colors Palettes Palettes are mathematical tables that define the color of pixels displayed on the screen. Palettes are called ‘color lookup tables’ or CLUTs on Macintosh. The most common palettes are 1, 4, 8, 16, and 24-bit deep.

44. 9/18/201544 Figure 6-16 These palettes of 256 colors (8-bit color depth) are provided in Macromedia’ s Director. Images saved in the popular GIF format for use on the Web cannot contain more than 256 colors.

45. 9/18/201545 Colors Palettes Dithering: Dithering is a process whereby the color value of each pixel is changed to the closest matching color value in the target palette. This is done using a mathematical algorithm.

46. 9/18/201546 Figure 6-17 These images were dithered in Photoshop to best fit the 8-bit palettes of GIF files (Adaptive, System, or Custom 216 Netscape). Also shown are JPEG files compressed with highest and lowest quality and their actual file sizes. The files were then displayed using Netscape Navigator at 16-bit and then 8-bit color depth. Note the subtle differences among palettes and systems, especially in the gradient blue background. Gradients do not usually dither well into 8-bit palettes.

47. 9/18/201547 Image File Types used in Multimedia 1.Macintosh formats: On the Macintosh, the most commonly used format is PICT. PICT is a complicated and versatile format developed by Apple. Almost every image application on the Macintosh can import or export PICT files. In a PICT file, both vector-drawn objects and bitmaps can reside side-by-side.

48. 9/18/201548 Image File Types used in Multimedia 2.Windows formats: The most commonly used image file format on Windows is DIB. DIB stands for Device-independent bitmaps. The preferred file type for multimedia developers in Windows is Resource Interchange File Format (RIFF).

49. 9/18/201549 2.Windows formats(continued): Bitmap formats used most often by Windows developers are:  BMP - A Windows bitmap file.  TIFF - Extensively used in DTP packages.  PCX - Used by MS-DOS paint software. Image File Types used in Multimedia

50. 9/18/201550 Image File Types used in Multimedia 3.Cross-platform formats: The image file formats that are compatible across platforms are:  DXF - Used by CAD applications.  Initial Graphics Exchange Standard (IGS or IGES) - Standard for transferring CAD drawings.  JPEG and GIF - Most commonly used formats on the Web.

51. 9/18/201551 Summary The computer generates still images as bitmaps and vector-drawn images. Images can be incorporated in multimedia using clip arts, bitmap software, or by capturing, editing, or scanning images. Creating 3-D images involves modeling, extruding, lathing, shading, and rendering. Color is one of the most vital components of multimedia.