1. AP Biology Macromolecules

2. AP Biology Macromolecules  Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules Macromolecules  4 major classes of macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

3. AP Biology Polymers  Long molecules built by linking chain of repeating smaller units Polymers Monomers = repeated small units Covalent bonds

4. Fig. 5-2a Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond Short polymerUnlinked monomer Longer polymer Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer HO H2OH2O H H H 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 (a)

5. AP Biology How to build a polymer  Condensation reaction Dehydration synthesis Joins monomers by “taking” water out 1 monomer provides OH Other monomer provides H Together they form water Requires energy and enzymes

6. Fig. 5-2b Hydrolysis adds a water molecule, breaking a bond Hydrolysis of a polymer HO H2OH2O H H H 3 2 1 1 23 4 (b)

7. AP Biology How to break down a polymer  Hydrolysis Use water to break apart monomers Reverse of condensation reaction Water is split into H and OH H and OH group attach where the covalent bond used to be Example: digestion is hydrolysis

8. AP Biology Carbohydrates

9. AP Biology Carbohydrates  Composed of C,H,O Carbo –hydr --ate CH 2 O (CH 2 )x C 6 H 12 O 6  Function Energy Raw materials Energy storage Structural materials  Monomer: sugars  Example: sugars and starches

10. AP Biology Sugars  Most names for sugars end in –ose  Classified by number of carbons 6C = hexose (glucose) 5C = pentose (fructose, ribose) 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)

11. Dihydroxyacetone Ribulose Ketoses Aldoses Fructose Glyceraldehyde Ribose Glucose Galactose Hexoses (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Pentoses (C 5 H 10 O 5 ) Trioses (C 3 H 6 O 3 ) Functional Groups?

12. AP Biology Sugar structure  5C and 6C sugars form rings in aqueous solutions In cells!

13. AP Biology Numbered carbons

14. AP Biology Simple and complex sugars  Monosaccharides Simple 1 monomer sugars Glucose  Disaccharides 2 monomers Sucrose  Polysaccharides Large polymers starch

15. AP Biology Building sugars  Dehydration synthesis

16. AP Biology Building sugars  Dehydration synthesis

17. AP Biology Polysaccharides  Polymers of sugars Costs little energy to build Easily reversible = release energy  Function Energy storage Starch (plants) Glycogen (animals) Building materials – structure Cellulose (plants) Chitin (arthropods and fungi)

18. Fig. 5-6 (b) Glycogen: an animal polysaccharide Starch Glycogen Amylose Chloroplast (a) Starch: a plant polysaccharide Amylopectin Mitochondria Glycogen granules 0.5 µm 1 µm

19. AP Biology Polysaccharide diversity  Molecular structure determines function Isomers of glucose How does structure influence function….  Glucose  Glucose

20. AP Biology Digesting starch vs. cellulose (b) Starch: 1–4 linkage of  glucose monomers (c) Cellulose: 1–4 linkage of  glucose monomers

21. Fig. 5-9

22.  Glucose monomer Cellulose molecules Microfibril Cellulose microfibrils in a plant cell wall 0.5 µm 10 µm Cell walls Cellulose is most abundant organic compound on earth

23. Fig. 5-10 The structure of the chitin monomer. (a) (b) (c) Chitin forms the exoskeleton of arthropods. Chitin is used to make a strong and flexible surgical thread.