1. The Chemistry of Carbon
Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms.
Carbon atoms have four valence electrons that can join with the electrons from other atoms to form strong covalent bonds.
Living organisms are made of molecules that consist of carbon (C) and other elements (H, O, N, P, S). Just remember CHONPS.
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Macromolecules
Macromolecules
Macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization.
The smaller units, or monomers, join together to form polymers.
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Macromolecules
Monomers in a polymer may be identical, or the monomers may be different.
When small molecules called monomers join together, they form polymers, or large molecules.
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Macromolecules
Four groups of organic compounds found in living things are:
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids
Proteins
NOTE: We also call these Biomolecules
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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
C:H:O = 1:2:1 ratio
Examples:C6H12O6 and C11H22011
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Carbohydrates
What is the function of carbohydrates?
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Carbohydrates
Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy.
Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates for structural purposes.
The breakdown of sugars, such as glucose, supplies immediate energy for all cell activities.
Living things store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates: starch & glycogen.
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Carbohydrates
Single sugar molecules are monosaccharides.
monosaccharides are the monomer
Examples are glucose, galactose (a component of milk), and fructose (found in many fruits).
The large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides are called polysaccharides.
Polysaccharides are the polymer
Examples are
starches in plants; glycogen in animals
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Carbohydrates
Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy.
Starch
Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy. Starches form when sugars join together in a long chain.
Glucose
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12. (a) The structure of the chitin monomer.
CH2OH OH H NH C
CH3
(b) Chitin forms the exoskeleton
of arthropods. This cicada
is molting, shedding its old
exoskeleton and emerging
in adult form.
(c) Chitin is used to make a
strong and flexible surgical
thread that decomposes after
the wound or incision heals.
Figure 5.10 A–C
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Lipids
Lipids
Lipids are generally not soluble in water.
Lipids are made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms and very little oxygen.
Examples are fats, oils, waxes and steroids
The monomers of a lipid are:
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
The polymer is called a tri-glyceride
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Lipids
What is the function of lipids?
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Lipids
Lipids can be used to store energy.
Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.
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Lipids
If each carbon atom in a lipid’s fatty acid chains is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond, the lipid is said to be saturated.
The term saturated is used because the fatty acids contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms (no double bonds).
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Lipids
If there is at least one carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid, it is unsaturated.
Lipids whose fatty acids contain more than one double bond are polyunsaturated.
Lipids that contain unsaturated fatty acids tend to be liquid at room temperature.
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus.
Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides.
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides consist of three parts:
a 5-carbon sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose)
a phosphate group
a nitrogenous base
Individual nucleotides can be joined by covalent bonds to form a nucleic acid.
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information. The monomers that make up a nucleic acid are nucleotides. Each nucleotide has a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
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Nucleic Acids
What is the function of nucleic acids?
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information.
Two kinds of nucleic acids are RNA (ribonucleic acid) & DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA contains the sugar ribose and is a single strand.
DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose and is a double strand.
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Proteins
Proteins are also called polypeptides
Proteins are macromolecules that contain, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, nitrogen and some sulfur.
Proteins are polypeptides (the polymers) made up of monomers called amino acids.
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Proteins
Amino acids are compounds with an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end.
Amino acids are the monomers of proteins. All amino acids have an amino group at one end and a carboxyl group at the other end.
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27. A protein… a chain of amino acids hooked together by bonds
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Proteins
What is the function of proteins?
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Proteins
Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes— enzymes, hormones.
Some proteins are used to form bones and muscles.
Other proteins transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease-- antibodies.
You are build of and run by proteins!!!
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