1. Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

2. Polymer Principles POLYMER: large molecule consisting of many identical or similar subunits connected together MONOMER: subunit or building block molecule of a polymer MACROMOLECULE: large organic polymer *Biological examples: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

3. POLYMERIZATION REACTIONS: chemical reactions that link 2 or more small molecules (monomers) to form larger molecules (polymers) with repeating structural units –CONDENSATION REACTIONS (a.k.a. dehydration synthesis): polymerization reactions during which monomers are covalently linked, producing net removal of a water molecule for each covalent linkage *process requires energy *process requires biological catalysts (enzymes)

4. OHHO O H2OH2O Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 Fructose C 6 H 12 O 6 Sucrose C 12 H 22 O 11 Water Amino Acid Condensation Reaction Animation

5. LE 5-5 Glucose Maltose Fructose Sucrose Glucose Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose 1–4 glycosidic linkage 1–2 glycosidic linkage

6. HYDROLYSIS: reaction process that breaks covalent bonds between monomers by the addition of water molecules *process releases energy *requires biological catalysts (enzymes) *Example: digestion Disaccharide hydrolysis Reaction Animation

7. O H2OH2O Sucrose C 12 H 22 O 11 Water OHHO Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 Fructose C 6 H 12 O 6