1. Bio Boot Camp
Biochemistry: TOPIC 1

2. Bio A.2 The Chemical Basis for Life
Describe how the unique properties of water support life on Earth (freezing point, high specific heat, cohesion)
Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at various levels of biochemical organization (atoms, molecules, macromolecules)
Explain how C is uniquely suited to form biological macromolecules
Describe how macromolecules form from monomers
Compare the structure and function of carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

3. Bio A.2 The Chemical Basis for Life
Explain how enzymes regulate biochemical reactions within a cell
Describe the role of an enzyme as a catalyst in regulating a specific biochemical reaction
Explain how factors such as pH, temp, and concentration can affect enzyme function

4. Properties of Water Is a polar covalent molecule
Is the universal solvent due to its polarity. Polar covalent compounds (like glucose) and ionic compounds (like salt) can easily go into solution in water.
Has a high specific heat. It is slow to heat up and also slow to cool down. This acts as an insulator in living organisms since the majority of their living tissue is water.
When water freezes, it expands and therefore floats. Ice is less dense than water. This provides an insulation to the organisms in the water. The water below will be at 4`C (if ice is above it)

5. Water – Unique Properties
Adhesion: Water sticks to other substances
Cohesion: water sticks to water
Capillary actions: Water climbs up.
Ex. Plant roots to 400 feet up.
Surface Tension: Water spiders can walk on water. Water sticks together so tightly, causes a tension so certain things can “float”

6. Water
The cohesive forces between liquid molecules are responsible for the phenomenon known as surface tension. The molecules at the surface do not have other like molecules on all sides of them and consequently they cohere more strongly to those directly associated with them on the surface. This forms a surface "film" which makes it more difficult to move an object through the surface than to move it when it is completely submersed.

7. Facts about water Water resists changes to temperature.
Water expands when it freezes
Water is less dense as a solid oppose to a liquid. Ice floats
High Specific Heat: able to absorb a lot of heat before it gets hot
Universal Solvent

8. Inorganic
Water is an inorganic molecule: chemical compounds that do not contain carbon as the principle element (exception CO2)

9. Chemistry of Life
Organic molecules: molecules that contain carbon atoms and H atoms
C atoms are versatile building blocks
4 stable covalent bonds (4 valence e-)
C atoms can bond other C atoms or other atoms H C
Carbon chemistry = organic chemistry
Why is it a foundational atom?
What makes it so important?
Can’t be a good building block if you only form 1 or 2 bonds. 9

10. Carbon Atomic number of 6.
2 electrons in the 1st orbital and 4 remaining in the valance orbital.
4 unpaired will form 4 covalent bonds
By bonding with other carbons in chains, rings, single, double and triple bonds, carbon, it can make all sorts of molecules

11. Covalent bond –electrons are SHARED

12. Carbon double bond

13. Carbon (and nitrogen) triple bond

14. Carbon Chains
Branched chain

15. Carbon rings

16. Carbon variety

17. Monomer and Polymer

18. Monomers are like legos…
You can put them together in whatever way you dream up!

19. Macromolecules
Smaller organic molecules join together by covalent bonds to form larger molecules
built by linking repeating building blocks in a chain
4 major classes of macromolecules:
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids 19

20. Condensation Reaction (Dehydration Synthesis – removing water to make)

21. Carbohydrate (CH20)
Monosaccharide, the monomer of a carbohydrate

22. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydr - ate
(CH2O)x C6H12O6
Building block molecules or monomers = MONOSACCHARIDES (glucose)
(CH2O)x
C6H12O6
carb = carbon
hydr = hydrogen
ate = oxygen compound
sugar 22

23. Carbohydrate Polymers – monomers linked together by dehydration synthesis

24. Functions of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Glucose: quick energy
Polysaccharides
starch
energy storage in plants
glycogen
energy storage in animals
in liver & muscles
cellulose
structure in plants
cell walls 24

25. Cellulose

26. Glycogen use and storage

27. Lipids

28. Lipids Examples Function: Fats, Oils, Waxes, and steroids
inside cell
outside cell
Function:
energy storage
cell membrane
insulates body
think whale blubber!
Examples
Fats, Oils, Waxes, and
steroids 28

29. Molecular Structure of Fat
not a chain (polymer) = just a “big fat molecule” 29

30. Cell membrane phospholipids

31. Protein

32. Proteins Function: worker molecules many, many functions hormones
signals from one body system to another
insulin
movement
muscle
enzymes
help chemical reactions 32

33. Proteins O H | || —C— C—OH —N— Building block = amino acids –
20 different amino acids
Peptide bond
—N— H |
—C—
C—OH || O
variable group 33

34. Nucleic Acid

35. Nucleic Acids Function: genetic material DNA and RNA
stores information
genes
blueprint for new cells
transfers information
blueprint for building proteins
DNA  RNA  protein
DNA
proteins 35

36. Nucleic Acids 5 different nucleotides nucleotides Building block =
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide
5 different nucleotides
different nitrogen bases
A, T, C, G, U
phosphate
sugar
N base 36

37. Monomer called Glucose
This is dehydration synthesis.
Removing water (dehydration)
To make (synthesis)
During this type of reaction, a water molecule is removed (an –OH from one simple monomer and an –H from another to form a water molecule.
This joins two monomers together to form a polymer.
Monomer called Glucose
Glucose + Glucose = Maltose

38. Use the diagram below to answer the question.
Chemical Reaction
HO – 1 – 2 – 3 – H + HO – 4 - H
HO – 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – H + H2O
The diagram shows a reaction that forms a polymer from two monomers.
What is this type of reaction called?
Glycolysis
Hydrolysis
Photosynthesis
Dehydration synthesis

39. Enzymes Enzymes are not changed by the reaction
Enzymes are specific, they fit to their substrates like a lock and key
used only temporarily then reused
Provide a site for reaction (active site)
substrate
product
active site
enzyme 39

40. Catalyst/Enzyme
Speeds up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy

41. Enzyme
Fit together like a LOCK AND KEY

42. Factors that affect enzyme activity pH

43. Factors that affect enzyme activity Temperature

44. Factors that affect enzyme activity  Concentration

45. Two molecules join together to make a macromolecule with the removal of water. This type of reaction is called?
Glycolysis
Hydrolysis
Photosynthesis
Dehydration synthesis.

46. A pH change can cause the enzyme to change its shape
A scientist observed that, when the pH of the environment surrounding an enzyme is changed the rate the enzyme catalyzes a reaction greatly decreases. Which statement best describes how a change in pH can affect an enzyme?
A pH change can cause the enzyme to change its shape
A pH change can remove energy necessary to activate an enzyme
A pH change can add new molecules to the structures of the enzyme
A pH change can cause an enzyme to react with a different substrate.

47. It adjusts the pH of the reaction medium
Substance A is converted to substance B in a metabolic reaction. Which statement best describes the role of an enzyme during this reaction?
It adjusts the pH of the reaction medium
It provides energy to carry out the reaction
It dissolves substance A in the reaction medium
It speeds up the reaction without being consumed.

48. Large amounts of stored information
Carbohydrates and proteins are two types of macromolecules. Which functional characteristic of proteins distinguished them from carbohydrates?
Large amounts of stored information
Ability to catalyze biochemical reactions
Efficient storage of usable chemical energy
Tendency to make cell membranes hydrophobic

49. Practice Questions

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