1. Learning Theories, Instructional Theories, and Instructional Design Dania Bilal IS 551 Fall 2005

2. Learning Theories  Descriptive  Generic  Explain how learning takes place to achieve certain outcomes  Apply to numerous learning situations

3. Learning Theories: Behaviorism  B.F. Skinner  Centers on reinforcements and incentives  Emphasis placed on instructor rather than the learner Instructor plays central role Learner is empty slate

4. Learning Theories: Cognition  Jean Piaget  Learner creates new constructs based on prior experience and knowledge Focus on learner not teacher  Stages of child development

5. Learning Theories: Social Cognition  Vygotsky  Roles of social interaction and culture in learning process Teacher-student communication Team Work Proximal Zone of Development

6. Instructional Theory  Prescriptive  Situation-specific  Task-oriented  Narrower in scope than learning theories

7. Instructional Theory  Centers on how to ensure desired learning occurs  Informed by learning theory Defines core teaching strategies to incorporate in a lesson

8. Instructional Design (ID)  Informed by instructional theory How to apply instructional theory to create effective lessons or training units  Fundamental components 1. Learners2. Objectives 3. Methods4. Evaluation

9. ID Key Components  Learners Learner characteristics  Objectives General Enabling

10. ID Key Components  Methods Instructional strategies  Evaluation Formative Summative A complete ID process has 9 elements.

11. Writing Objectives  Terminal objectives Those that learners must achieve upon completion of training, of class enrollment, etc. The Ends  Enabling objectives The skills and knowledge the instructor or trainer provide the learners to achieve achieve terminal objectives Means to achieve the Ends

12. Example of Writing Objectives for TEL Tranining Terminal objective 1. Understand the purpose 2. Describe the scope of TEL 1.Enabling objective for terminal objective 1 1. Give an overview about TEL (instructor/trainer) 2.Enabling objective for terminal objective 2 1. Demonstrate TEL and show databases in various disciplines (instructor/trainer)

13. Writing Objectives  Start with a verb  Include one element to achieve in each objective  Include conditions (if needed), such as accuracy, effectiveness, and percentage levels. Examples: use the Web effectively; provide answers with 100% accuracy, etc.