1. Network Media—Copper Core Cable2
Network Media—Copper Core Cable

2. Objectives
Match the five forms of electronic signals to the media types on which they travel.
Differentiate between analog and digital signals.
Summarize the two methods of data transmission: Broadband and Baseband.
Compare simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex communication.

3. Objectives
Recall the meaning of electronic terms resistance, impedance, reflected loss, and crosstalk.
Recall the characteristics of the classifications.
Identify the various types of wiring faults.

4. Grades
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5. Labs
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6. Network Media

7. Analog and Digital Signals
Analog signal—electronic signal that varies in values
Series of slopes

8. Analog and Digital Signals
Digital signal—electronic signal that has discrete values.
Rises and falls sharply at right angles; on and off, high and low

9. Frequency
How electronic signals are measured

10. Attenuation Loss of signal strength
All signals degenerate, lose amplitude
Amplitude - The maximum voltage of electronic signal
Amplitude can be increased with an amplifier

11. Latency
Amount of time it takes for signal to travel from source to destination
If latency exceeds its Time to Live (TTL), it will be removed from network

12. Data Transmission
Bandwidth - measurement of the network media’s ability to carry data.
Higher bandwidth = more data carried
Measured in hertz (Hz)

13. Interference Undesired electromagnetic signal, distorts
Can be picked up from motors, fluorescent lights, transformers…
“noise”

14. Interference Crosstalk
Interference from neighboring conductors inside the wire’s jacket
Unwanted signals need to be removed, or filtered

15. Crosstalk Measurements
Measured in decibels (dB)
A unit of measurement that expresses the relationship of power between two forces
Near-End Crosstalk (NEXT)
A measurement of reflected loss at the near end or input end of a cable.
Far-End Crosstalk (FEXT)
A measurement of reflected loss at the far end or out put end of a cable

16. Crosstalk Measurements
Equal Level Far-End Crosstalk (ELFEXT)
A measurement calculated by measuring the effects of attenuation from the far end crosstalk measurement
Alien Crosstalk (AXT)
A measurement of noise introduced outside the cable jacket, typically caused by other network cables in close proximity.

17. Index Cards
1. Draw a large plus on one side, a large minus on the other
2. + side: write down the term you understand best. Explain in your own words what this term consists of.
3. – side: write down term you feel unclear about and questions you have about it
4. Share your plus and minus with 2-3 classmates
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18. Data Transmission Baseband—One digital signal
Data that is transmitted in digital signal using the entire bandwith of cable
Broadband—Multiple analog signals
Transmitting data in the form of analog signals at the same time.

19. Data Transmission Simplex—One direction Communication
Example: Television station to television
Full-duplex—Bi-directional and simultaneous communication between two devices.
Example: Communication via telephone
Half-duplex— Bi-directional communication that can only occur one direction at a time.
Example: Communication via Walkie-talkie

20. Data Transmission (Cont.)

21. Direct and Alternating Current
Alternating current alternates between negative and positive charge
Direct current is in one steady direction

22. Resistance and Impedance
The longer the conductor, the greater the resistance (DC) and impedance (AC)
Impedance increases as frequency increases
Impedance decreases quality of data

23. Reflected Loss Transmitted in full-duplex mode
Great amounts can disrupt communication

24. Crosstalk Type of interference
Occurs when one pair of conductors imposes a signal on another pair of parallel conductors
Created by magnetic induction
An electrical phenomenon of current jumping from one conductor to another
Network conductors, such as twisted pair, limit the effects by reducing contact between conductors

25. Copper Core Cable
AWG rating
Describes the conductors diameter

26. Plenum-Rated Copper Core Cable

27. Coaxial Cable

28. Coaxial Connectors

29. Coaxial Cable Classifications
Common Name
Impedance
Actual Size in Diameter
Description
RG-6
Broadband
75 Ω
0.332
Used for Cable TV.
RG-8
Thicknet
50 Ω
0.405
Used for Ethernet networks.
RG-11
Thick Coax
0.475
Used for Cable TV trunk lines.
RG-58
Thinnet
0.195
RG-59
CATV
0.242
Used for Cable TV and sometimes ARCnet.
RG-62
Baseband
93 Ω
0.249
Used for ARCnet.

30. Twisted Pair Consists of four pairs of twisted conductors
First introduced by telephone company
Seven categories
Classified as UTP (unshielded twisted pair) and STP (shielded twisted pair)

31. UTP Cable

32. Twisted Pair Categories

33. Twisted Pair Categories (Cont.)

34. IEEE 802.3 Classifications Category Classification Data Rate
Maximum Segment Length
Minimum Segment Length
Cable Type
Topology
10 Mbps
10Base2
185 m
0.5 m
RG-58
Bus
10Base5
500 m
2.5 m
RG-8
10BaseT
100 m
0.6 m
Category 3, 4, and 5
Star
Fast Ethernet
100BaseT4
100 Mbps
100BaseTX
Category 5
Gigabit Ethernet
1000BaseCX
1000 Mbps
25 m
100BaseT
Category 5e
10GBaseT
10 Gbps
55 m
Category 6
Category 6a

35. Terminating Resistor
Must be electrically grounded at one end to prevent interference

36. 10BaseT 100-Meter Rule
The 100-meter length ensures that the cable on the network should not exceed 100 meters
Repeater may be used to extend distance

37. Hub Daisy-Chain Configuration

38. Hub Cascade Configuration

39. IEEE Media Access
CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) ensures data delivery
Workstation listens for traffic on network
When network is silent, workstation transmits data
If another workstation transmits data at same time, collision occurs
Both workstations wait before retransmitting

40. IEEE 802.3 Wiring Connections
568A and 568B—Main twisted pair cable termination standards
Straight-through and crossover—Common classifications of assembly
Automatic Medium Dependent Interface Crossover (Auto-MDIX)—New standard introduced by HP

41. IEEE 802.3 Wiring Connections

42. RJ-45 Connector Contains eight pins inside plastic housing
Conductor pairs are untwisted so that each conductor can be inserted into one of the pin areas

43. Rollover Cable Uses an RJ-45 connector on each cable end
Cisco rollover cable uses an RJ-45 on one end and a DB-9 serial cable on the other

44. Applied Networking
What would happen if you used a crossover cable to connect access port 2X to a workstation?

45. Applied Networking
On the hub shown, the cable connected to the Uplink port is a straight-through cable. If you were connecting this hub to another hub, would you connect the cable to the other hub’s Uplink port or to one of its access ports?

46. Applied Networking
You have added a third workstation and a hub to an existing network of two workstations. The original workstations were connected to each other via a crossover cable. For all three workstations to communicate, you have connected them to the hub. However, when the network is running, you notice that a light above one of the access ports on the hub is lit red. What could be the problem?

47. Power over Ethernet (PoE)
Cable used must be Cat 5 or better
Two pairs of cables used for network communication, one pair used for electrical power
Common PoE application is building and area security when electrical power is not available

48. IEEE 802.5 Describes Token Ring networks
Uses the token passing media access method
Configured in a ring topology

49. Token Ring Network Using Twisted Pair Cable

50. Wiring Faults
Data cannot reach its destination
Short
Open
Ground

51. Twisted Pair Wiring Fault
Common problems that can occur when installing connectors on twisted pair cables
Reversed pair
Crossed pair
Split pair

52. Applied Networking
An analog signal produces 1000 cycles per second. What is the frequency of this signal? 1000
1000 cycles per second
1 second
Frequency
(Hz)

53. Review
A digital signal produces 200 cycles per second. What is the frequency of this signal? 200
200 cycles per second
1 second
Frequency
(Hz)

54. Review
Name three cable-based media types. Coaxial cable Twisted pair cable Fiber-optic cable

55. Review
Which of the following electronic signals are used by wireless devices?
Electrical energy
Infrared
Light waves
Microwave
Radio waves
B, D, and E

56. Review Which of the following describes a digital signal?
A discrete value that is either on or off
A series of slopes
Rises and falls sharply at right angles
0 volts or 5 volts
Varies in value
A, C, D

57. Review
For a 10 Gigabyte Ethernet network that you anticipate having a maximum segment length of 100 meters, which twisted pair cable type will you use?
Cat 5
Cat 5e
Cat 6
Cat 6a
D. Cat 6a

58. Review
For a gigabyte Ethernet network that you anticipate having a maximum segment length of 100 meters, which twisted pair cable type will you use?
Cat 5
Cat 5e
Cat 6
Cat 6a
B. Cat 5e

59. Review The opposition to direct current is _____. Crosstalk Impedance
Reflected loss
Resistance
D. Resistance

60. Review The opposition to alternating current is _____. Crosstalk
Impedance
Reflected loss
Resistance
B. Impedance

61. Review
The amount of signal reflected from the end of a cable is _____.
Crosstalk
Impedance
Reflected loss
Resistance
C. Reflected loss

62. Review
Interference that comes from neighboring conductors inside a wire’s insulating jacket is called _____.
Crosstalk
Impedance
Reflected loss
Resistance
A. Crosstalk

63. Review
To add a workstation to an existing 100BaseTX Ethernet network, which twisted pair cable type will you use to connect the workstation to the existing network switch?
Cat 5
Cat 5e
Cat 6
Cat 6a
A. Cat 5

64. Review The connection in the illustration is using the _____ standard.
568B
B. 568B

65. Review The connection in the illustration is using the _____ standard.
568B
A. 568A

66. Review
A straight-through patch cable has two of its twisted pair conductors not making contact with the RJ-45 pins. What type of cable fault will occur when the patch cable is installed?
Ground
Open
Short
B. Open

67. Review
An F-connector is attached at each end of a stranded core RG-6 cable. At one of the cable ends, many of the cable core strands came unraveled and are making contact with the connector and braided shield. What type of cable fault will occur when this cable is installed?
Ground
Open
Short
A. Ground

68. Review
The _____ method of transmission uses the entire bandwidth of a cable.
Baseband
Broadband
A. Baseband

69. Review
The _____ method of transmission can transmit several analog signals at the same time.
Baseband
Broadband
B. Broadband

70. Review
Which of the following is an example of full-duplex communication?
Communicating using a Push-to-Talk telephone system
Communicating using cell phones
A satellite delivering a television program to a satellite dish
B. Communicating using cell phones

71. Review Which of the following is an example of simplex communication?
Communicating using a Push-to-Talk telephone system
Communicating using cell phones
A satellite delivering a television program to a satellite dish
C. A satellite delivering a television program to a satellite dish

72. Review
Which of the following is an example of half-duplex communication?
Communicating using a Push-to-Talk telephone system
Communicating using cell phones
A satellite delivering a television program to a satellite dish
A. Communicating using a Push-to-Talk telephone system

73. Glossary
1000BaseCX
An IEEE classification that specifies a data rate of 1 Gbps, the use of Category 5 cable, a maximum segment length of 25 meters, and a minimum segment length of 0.6 meters.
1000BaseT
An IEEE classification that specifies a 1-Gbps data rate using all four pairs of Category 5e cable, a maximum segment length of 100 meters, and a minimum segment length of 0.6 meters. Also known as Gigabit Ethernet.

74. Glossary
100BaseT4
An IEEE classification that specifies the use of all four pairs of Category 3, 4, or 5 cable and a data rate of 100 Mbps.
100BaseTX
An IEEE classification that specifies the use of Category 5e cable on pairs 1 and 2 only. It is configured in a star topology and has a data rate of 100 Mbps.

75. Glossary 10Base2 10Base5 10BaseT
An IEEE classification that specifies the use of RG-58 (thinnet) cable and a data rate of 10 Mbps.
10Base5
An IEEE classification that specifies the use of RG-8 (thicknet) and a data rate of 10 Mbps.
10BaseT
An IEEE classification that specifies the use of Category 3, 4, and 5 UTP cable. It is arranged in a star topology, follows the 100-meter rule, and has a data rate of 10 Mbps.

76. Glossary 10GBaseT Alien Crosstalk (AXT) Amplifier
An IEEE classification that specifies a data rate of 10 Gbps at a distance of 100 meters using unshielded Category 6a cable or a distance of 55 meters using Category 6 cable. Also known as 10 Gigabit Ethernet or 10BbT.
Alien Crosstalk (AXT)
A measurement of the noise introduced outside the cable jacket, typically caused by other network cables in close proximity.
Amplifier
An electronic device designed to raise a signal’s amplitude.

77. Glossary Amplitude Analog signal Attenuation
The maximum voltage, or height, of an electronic signal.
Analog signal
An electronic signal that varies in values.
Attenuation
The loss of signal strength.
Automatic Medium-Dependent Interface Crossover (Auto-MDIX)
An electronic chip technology incorporated into Gigabit Ethernet devices to automatically reassign pin functions and eliminate the need for a crossover cable.

78. Glossary AWG rating Bandwidth Baseband Broadband
A rating that describes the size of a conductor’s diameter.
Bandwidth
A measurement of the network media’s ability to carry data.
Baseband
A method of transmitting data in the form of a digital signal, using the entire bandwidth of a cable.
Broadband
A method of transmitting data in the form of several analog signals at the same time.

79. Glossary Coaxial cable Crossed pair Crosstalk
A type of cable that consists of a copper core conductor surrounded by an insulator referred to as a dielectric. Also called coax.
Crossed pair
A wiring fault that occurs when one of each of two cable pairs has become part of the other pair’s connection.
Crosstalk
Interference that comes from neighboring conductors inside a wire’s insulating jacket.

80. Glossary
CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection)
A media access method used in Ethernet networks.
Decibel (dB)
A unit of measurement that expresses the relationship of power between two electrical forces.
Digital signal
An electronic signal that has discrete values.

81. Glossary Equal Level Far-End Crosstalk (ELFEXT)
A measurement calculated by subtracting the effects of attenuation from the Far-End Crosstalk (FEXT) measurement.
Far-End Crosstalk (FEXT)
A measurement of reflective loss at the far end, or output end, of a cable. Far-end losses are expressed in decibels.

82. Glossary Frequency Full-duplex
The number of cycles of an electronic signal that occur in 1 second. It is measured in Hertz (Hz).
Full-duplex
Communication that occurs bi-directionally and simultaneously between two devices. An example of full-duplex communication is communication via telephone.

83. Glossary Ground Half-duplex Impedance Interference
A wiring fault that occurs when a conductor connects to the earth through a continuous path.
Half-duplex
Communication that is bi-directional but can only occur in one direction at a time.
Impedance
The opposition to alternating current.
Interference
An undesired electromagnetic signal imposed on a desired signal that distorts or corrupts the desired signal.

84. Glossary Latency Magnetic induction Near-End Crosstalk (NEXT)
The amount of time it takes a signal to travel from its source to its destination.
Magnetic induction
An electrical phenomenon in which the magnetic field encircling a current-carrying conductor induces current in a conductor of close proximity. Also called mutual induction.
Near-End Crosstalk (NEXT)
A measurement of the reflected loss at the near end, or input end, of a cable. Losses are typically expressed in decibels.

85. Glossary Network media Noise Open Plenum-rated
A general term for all forms of pathways that support network communication.
Noise
Electromagnetic interference.
Open
A wiring fault that occurs when the length of a conductor has an open spot.
Plenum-rated
A rating that means a cable has a special type of insulation that will not give off toxic gases should the cable be consumed by fire.

86. Glossary Power over Ethernet (PoE) Reflected loss Resistance
An IEEE standard that specifies the supply of small amounts of electrical power to network devices such as cameras, IP phones, wireless access points, speakers, and phone or PDA chargers.
Reflected loss
The amount of signal reflected from the end of a cable.
Resistance
The opposition to direct current (DC) in a conductor.

87. Glossary Reversed pair RG-6 RG-8
A wiring fault that occurs when two pairs of a cable assembly have reversed two connections.
RG-6
A type of coaxial cable that has become the standard for Cable television (CATV) systems and satellite systems.
RG-8
A thick, rigid coaxial cable used in a 10Base5 network. Also called thicknet.

88. Glossary RG-58 Rollover cable Short
A thin, flexible coaxial cable used in a 10Base2 network. Also called thinnet.
Rollover cable
A special cable where the pin order is completely reversed on one end of the cable. Pin 1 connects to pin 8, pin 2 connects to pin 7, and so on.
Short
A wiring fault that occurs in cabling when two conductors are improperly connected, resulting in a shorter circuit path.

89. Glossary Simplex Split pair Terminating resistor
Communication that occurs in one direction only. An example of simplex communication is the transmission that occurs between a television station and a television.
Split pair
A wiring fault that occurs when two pairs of conductors are reversed in connection with another pair.
Terminating resistor
An electrical device that absorbs electrical signals when they reach the end of a network segment.

90. Glossary Time to Live (TTL) Twisted pair
The maximum amount of time a packet is allowed to circulate through a network before it is destroyed.
Twisted pair
A type of cable that consists of four pairs of twisted conductors.