1. for the instructor Part 1 covers transportation energy and home heating alternatives start slide show with next slide

2. Energy

3. Energy Production What traditional sources of energy are utilized? What are some disadvantages of these sources? What alternatives exist for energy production.

4. Traditional sources of Modern Energy Petroleum based fuels (gasoline, diesel, aviation fuel, kerosene, etc.) Coal Natural gas

5. Percentages of Total Energy World-wide and for the U.S.

6. Energy use in US From the US Energy Information Administration

7. Alternative Sources of Energy Automotive & Truck (Transportation) Electrical battery Hydrogen Solar & battery Alternative sources of gasoline-type fuels (ethanol based) Alternative sources of diesel-type fuels (algae, etc.)

8. Transportation Energy Alternatives Automobiles I – Non-petroleum fuel Advantages of alternative energy vehicles: Represents existing technology 71% of petroleum used in the U.S. is utilized for gasoline, diesel and jet fuel. Some alternative energy vehicles maybe carbon neutral, and thus not produce CO 2 as a waste

9. Transportation Energy Alternatives Automobiles I – Non-petroleum fuel Disadvantages: Currently all non-combustion vehicles are more expensive than their combustion counter-parts There are infrastructure modifications necessary to have many types of these cars usable nation-wide Two of the alternatives; hydrogen and battery vehicles have a number of technological issues to have them be cost-effective

10. Transportation Energy Alternatives Automobiles II – Battery Powered Cars Chrysler Envi Battery powered cars themselves have zero emissions However the source of the electricity can still be a problem regarding CO 2 emissions and the global climate.

11. Transportation Energy Alternatives Automobiles II – Battery Powered Cars Utilizing nickel-hydride & lithium ion batteries has lightened the weight of vehicle batteries, however battery-only cars probably still need to use the heavier lead-acid batteries. Nissan’s Leaf Between battery powered cars & combustion are hybrid vehicles Battery production does involve energy and other environmental impacts (including mining and disposal issues)

12. Transportation Energy Alternatives Automobiles III – Hydrogen Powered Cars Honda FCX Hydrogen vehicles by definition emit only water vapor. Costs for hydrogen vehicles has remained relatively high, though technological innovation should bring this cost down.

13. Transportation Energy Alternatives Automobiles III – Hydrogen Powered Cars GM Sequel Current filling station infrastructure under consideration involves using natural gas as the hydrogen source, rather than dissociation of water.

14. Transportation Energy Alternatives Automobiles IV – Alternative Fuels There are a number of alternative fuel sources that are available as a alternative to petroleum fuels (or other fossil fuels; natural gas, etc.) These alternatives include the following fuel sources Corn, sugar cane or sugar beets to ethanol Cellulosic fuel sources to ethanol (switch grass, willow, etc.) Algae and other lipid sources for diesel

15. Transportation Energy Alternatives Automobiles IV – Alternative Fuels Not all of these sources are necessarily carbon neutral in terms of CO 2 in the atmosphere Usage may increase the cost of food worldwide Any increase in the amount of CO 2 to the atmosphere is due to fossil fuel in producing fertilizer or to plant & harvest the crop

16. Alternative Sources of Energy Heating (homes & buildings) Passive heating Geothermal

17. Heating Energy Alternatives Passive Heating Utilization of solar radiation to heat water, and heat or cool indoor space. For domestic water heating this process is best suited for regions south of Pennsylvania.

18. Heating Energy Alternatives Homes/Buildings I Thermal (passive) heating for buildings involves utilizing construction materials that store solar radiation, and thereby absorbing solar radiation during the day and radiating that heat during the night. Involves increased construction costs that are off-set by lowering heating & cooling costs.

19. Geothermal Energy Alternatives Geothermal energy utilizes higher temperatures within the Earth to heat water to either heat buildings or generate electricity.

20. Geothermal Energy Alternatives Geothermal energy utilizes higher temperatures within the Earth to heat water to either heat buildings or generate electricity. Advantages of geothermal energy: Represents an existing technology Does not generate any CO 2 as a waste They are relatively cheap to operate (<½ coal)

21. Geothermal Energy Alternatives Advantages of geothermal energy: Represents an existing technology Does not generate any CO 2 as a waste They are relatively cheap to operate (<½ coal) Disadvantages: For large scale electricity generation it is restricted to areas that are volcanically active Geothermal facilities are relatively expensive to build Geothermal energy facilities are relatively large and with their piping systems they can cover an even larger area

22. Geothermal Energy I Large-scale geothermal plants have large ‘foot- prints’, and are located in regions that are volcanically active. Countries with large-scale geothermal operations include; Iceland, New Zealand, Costa Rica, Kenya, El Salvador, & The Philippines. The largest group of plants are located in California (The Geysers).

23. Geothermal Energy II Home heating applications utilize at heat exchanger that allows an exchange of warm or cold water (depending on the season) to preheat or cool water for home heating and air conditioning. This type of system is very cost efficient to run However installation costs (including drilling of closed- loop system in the ground) generally runs in the $20,000 to $30,000 range.