1. 1 One facility, two very different emissions

2. Module 5. Air Pollutant Emissions in the Mid-Atlantic United States by K.G. Paterson, Ph.D., P.E. © 2007 www.mtu.edu

3. 3 Did You Know? For PM 2.5 emissions in 2001, only 17 out of the top 100 counties are in the Mid-Atlantic states (VA, WV, PA, MD, DC, DE, NJ) 2001 County Emissions Density (tons/mi 2 ) of PM2.5 01.2-2.3 3.6-77+ 0.7-1.2 2.3-3.6 >0-0.7

4. 4 Emission Module Goals By the end of this module you should be able to: Classify emission types Identify emissions from major source types Describe the trends and patterns of air pollutant emissions in the Mid-Atlantic U.S. Find the tools you need to estimate emissions Find online resources of emission data

5. 5 WHAT ARE EMISSIONS? The amount of pollutant(s) a source puts into the air during a fixed time. Units: mass/time Emissions vary – making air quality management a challenge! Source activity Economic health Population Climate Controls Traffic } These influence source emissions: Time Location Pollutant } Emissions vary over:

6. 6 Emissions classification By pollutant By source type

7. 7 Classification – by Pollutant Some general pollutant categories include Criteria air pollutants Criteria Pre-cursor air pollutants H azardous A ir P ollutants (HAPs) There are 189 of these sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) nitrogen oxides (NO x ) carbon monoxide (CO) particulate matter (PM 10, PM 2.5 ) ammonia (NH 3 ) volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

8. 8 Classification – by Pollutant An Example: Emissions from North Carolina in 1999: * Point sources only PollutantsEmissions* (lb/yr) All criteria pollutants1,930,000,000 All hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) 329,500,000

9. 9 Classification – by Source Type Stationary - sources with a fixed location Point: usually a large source, often a stack Area: sources that are considered as a group Mobile - sources that move On-road: highway vehicles Non-road: non-highway vehicles

10. 10 Emissions from source types modeled differently Mobile source Point source Area source Gaussian plume model (e.g. ISC-AERMOD) Roadway models (e.g. CALINE, CAL3QHC) Flexible source models (e.g. CALPUFF) Classification – by Source Type

11. 11 Analysis: Emission Classification Question: How many sources can you think of? Action: In a small group, make three lists for examples of air pollution sources: (1) point, (2) mobile, and (3) area Time: 3 minutes

12. 12 Classification – by Source Type Stationary sources Mobile sources Point source Mobile source Area source Examples: on-road: gas, diesel; off-road: marine, air, agricultural Examples: power plant, chemical plant, etc. Examples: gas stations, dry cleaners, fireplaces, lawn mowers, tanks farms, etc. Stationary Mobile

13. 13 Emission Classification Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 ) Power plants are major sources of (SO 2 ) They are stationary (point) sources (2002 data)

14. 14 Emission trends are not the same everywhere. Reductions in SO 2 have been widespread but not universal. http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/cmap/ mapgallery/mg_total_utility_so2.html Emission Trend Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 )

15. 15 Passenger vehicles are a major source of NO x. These are mobile (on-road) sources. Emission Classification Nitrogen Oxides (NO x ) (2002 data)

16. 16 Trends in NO x emissions have not been uniform in the Mid-Atlantic, but some of the greatest reductions in the U.S. have been in the East http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/cmap/mapgallery/mg_total_utility_no3.html Emission Trend Nitrogen Oxides (NO x )

17. 17 Analysis: Classification & Trend http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/cmap/mapgallery/mg_total_utility_no3.html

18. 18 Question: What are the temporal and spatial differences between NO X and SO X emissions in the Eastern United States? State why you think those temporal and spatial differences exist. Action: In a small group examine the maps of the Eastern USA NO X and SO X emissions over time and report observations. Time: 5 minutes. Analysis: Classification & Trend

19. 19 MOBILE6 is a model for predicting emissions from vehicles. Capabilities: Pollutants predicted: CO, CO 2, NO x, PM, toxics, hydrocarbons Vehicle types: cars, trucks, motorcycles Operating conditions: speed, temperature, etc. Fuel types: gasoline, diesel Emission Estimation

20. 20 Fugitive sources that often contribute to ambient particulate matter: Construction sites Agriculture Unpaved roads PM 2.5 Emissions 2000 Source: Bureau of Transportation Statistics http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics/2002/html/table_04_44.html Emission Classification - Miscellaneous

21. 21 Emission Estimation After identifying possible sources of air pollutant emissions, the next challenge is quantifying their magnitude. Methods: Direct measurement CEM, stack test Indirect measurement Mass balance Process modeling Tanks and Mobile6 Emission factor modeling AP-42

22. 22 MOBILE6 is a model for predicting emissions from vehicles. Capabilities: Pollutants predicted: CO, CO 2, NO x, PM, toxics, hydrocarbons Vehicle types: cars, trucks, motorcycles Operating conditions: speed, temperature, etc. Fuel types: gasoline, diesel Emission Estimation - Example

23. 23 Further Learning Emissions Measurement Center, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/emc/ National Emission Inventory (NEI) Database for Criteria and Hazardous Air Pollutants, http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/emissns.html Scorecard, an online tool to investigate pollution in your neighborhood, http://www.scorecard.org Emission models, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/software/ Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, AP 42, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.html AirData, online access to emissions at the county level and up, http://www.epa.gov/air/data/ A Guide to Mid-Atlantic Regional Air Quality, Part IV: Pollution Sources, pp. 47-58. http://www.marama.org/reports/Guide- MidAtlantic_RegAQ_Final.pdf

24. 24 Emission Module Goals By the end of this module you should be able to: Classify emission types Identify emissions from major source types Describe the trends and patterns of air pollutant emissions in the Mid-Atlantic U.S. Find the tools you need to estimate emissions Find online resources of emission data

25. 25 Thanks for making this a great class!