1. ® Rainer Abendt Dr.- Ing. Rainer-Werner Abendt Nuremberg Contact: rainer.abendt@gmx.de Wastewater Workshop in Nairobi 29-th August till 03-th September 2011 Monitoring

2. ® Rainer Abendt Effluent Standards (emission) Water Quality Standards (imission) Education Standards: labours and academic Health and Safety Standards 2 1 1 2 3 4 3 4 Monitoring

3. ® Rainer Abendt Wastewater disposal (Discharge and treatment) Environmental laboratory for: Self-monitoring; Industrial monitoring; Pollutans; Heavy polluters Administration: Finances; Personnel By-laws: Connection approval; Industrial monitoring; Cost covering Sewer construction: General drainage; Sewer network expansion; Sewer operation: Maintenance, repair, operation/control of storage space and outlets (provisions under water law) Wastwater treatment works construction: Matching structures to requirements including commissioning Wastwater treatment works operation: Processes (provision under water law), maintenance, repair, sludge disposal Monitoring

4. ® Rainer Abendt Laboratory operating data Demands on the sludge Legal orders secure disposal government control Automatic monitoring Legal orders Planning Accompany projects Treatment plant (Process system) Product 2 " Sludge" Product 1 „Clean Water" Urban area Evolution of water crowd: - Sewer construction Evolution in sewer network: - By-laws Evolution of Water quality: - Sewer operation Electrical engineering Automizitation Machine engineering Maintenance Building Administration Personnel Documentation Financial management Monitoring

5. ® Rainer Abendt Demands on water quality (Europe): COD BOD 5 Ammonia N tot P tot Suspended Solid Monitoring

6. ® Rainer Abendt Monitoring Mechanical Treatment (Nuremberg) Influent Screw Pumps Air cleaner Grit to disposal Fat to digester Primary Clarifiers Grit Chamber Mechanical Screens Grit to disposalSludge to digesterFerric chloride for phosphorus removal

7. ® Rainer Abendt Monitoring Trickling filter claryfierTrickling filter Air Air cleaner Gravity Thickeners

8. ® Rainer Abendt Monitoring Activated Sludge (BOD 5 ) Example for pure Oxygen (high loaded) Pure Oxygen Secondary Claryfiers Screw Pumps Gravity Thickeners Sludge recirculation

9. ® Rainer Abendt Monitoring 2. Activated Sludge (N) (low loaded) Carbon Substrate NitrificationDenitrification Recirculation Sludge recirculation Gravity Thickeners Secondary Claryfiers Activated Sludge Pressed Air

10. ® Rainer Abendt Monitoring Suspended solid is important because: 1 mg solid matter equivalent to: 0.3 - 1.0 mg BOD 5 0.8 - 1.4 mg COD 0.02 - 0.04 mg P 0.08 - 0.1 mg N

11. ® Rainer Abendt Monitoring Filtration (SS, N, P) Carbon Substrate Sludge to primary clarifiers Pressed Air Water for clean up Discharge of cleaned water Sand Filters (down stream)

12. ® Rainer Abendt Monitoring Lab values are required for the management and optimization.

13. ® Rainer Abendt Monitoring  Treatment plant system  Analysis volume (Lab value / on line - instruments)  Evaluation means

14. ® Rainer Abendt Monitoring Gas streams 60 Air for grit chamber 61 Exhaust from grit chamber 62 Degassing in primary clarifier 63 Production of oxygen 64 Exhaust 65 Aeration BB 66 Exhaust BB 67 Scavenging aif for filters 68 Exhaust from filter Sampling (Symbols) Sampling station Sampling recipient Receiving control Sludge / Solid matter 30 Surplus sludge KW II 31 Propotioning turbidity water KW I 32 Mechanical screen property 33 Grit chamber property 34 Turbidity water gravity thickener 35 Wastewater fro sludgedryer 36 Swimming matter outlet SF 37 Swimming matter outlet SF + VKB 38 Raw sludge outlet 39 Activated sludge outlet HLB 40 Activated sludge outlet SLB 41 Sludge water AWF 42 Emergency outlet VKB 43 Outlet befor screen 44 Sludge water AWF (KW II) Chemikalien 50 Iron salt pre-precipitation 51 Iron salt simultaneous precipitation 52 Flocculation matter 53 Externel Substrate 54 Esternel Substrate (Methanol) E For balances sampling place PR_1 – Main input PR_2 - Output VKB PR_3 – Special wastewater PR_4 - Output VKB PR_5 - Input BZ PR_6 - Output NKB PR_7 – Output Treatment plant PR10 – Turbidity water propotioning QP32 - Substrate QP33 - Methanol QP34 – Flocculation aid QP35 – Iron saline solution QP36 – Iron saline solution QP37 - Oxygen wastewater 01 First input 02 Second input 03 Input mechanical screen 04 Input grit chamber 05 Output grit chamber 06 input primary clarifier VKB 07 output VKB 08 Input high loaded biology HLB 09 Raw water avoidance 10 Output secondary clarifier ZKB 11 Input low loaded biology SLB 12 Output secondary clarifier NKB 13 Input sand filter 14 Filter avoidance 15 Discharge treatment plant 16 Str.PW (AWF + EIN) 17 Str.PW (SF) 18 Special wastewater 19 Special wastewater in KW I 20 Special wastewater in B40/KW II 21 Special wastewater in SLB 22 Emergency outlet for special water 23 Withdrawal for cooling water TST 24 Return of cooling water (Ablauf) 25 Return of cooling water (VKB) 26 Water for cleaning stormwater tank RÜB 27 Emergency avoidance Short cuts AWF = Sand filter B40 = Turbidity water storage BZ = Input activated sluge DHW = Special wastewater HLB = high loaded biology KW I = Treatment plant 1 KW II = Treatment plant II MP24 = Mixing sample 24 h (input proportional) NKB = Secondary clarifier PR = Sampling QP = Receiving control PW = Pumping station REC = Screener RÜB = Stormwater tank SAN = Grit chamber SEA = Sludge dewatering SF = Digester SLB = Low loaded biology SP = Random sample (8:00 Uhr) TST = Sludge dryer ÜS = Surplus VKB = Vorklärbecken VOR = mechanische Reinigung ZKB = Zwischenklärbecken

15. ® Rainer Abendt Monitoring Analysis volume (Lab value / on line - instruments)  -- Lab value  - Continuous measurements of the lab  - Measurements in the company on site

16. ® Rainer Abendt Monitoring Lab values Lab values (total)16.1795.998 Weekly random sample (e.g. DS matter in Activated sluge tanks, Microscope picture, etc.) 24 h Mixing sample (e.g. Discharge monitoring COD etc. Special tests (e.g. Input, Arrangement tests to Inspectorate tests etc.) Receiving control 0290 Measurements in Nuremberg (2003) 858 5122 7 9.880156 5.434390 Edition of the inspectorate 40 Plant operation 2 h Mixing sample (e.g. Discharge monitoring COD etc.

17. ® Rainer Abendt Monitoring total on line instruments 813,3%5286,7%60 pH (con) 23,3%00,0%2 Conductivity (con)00,0%23,3%2 Temperature (con) 11,7%35,0%4 Turbidity (con) 11,7%46,7%5 Dry matter value (con) 00,0%1016,7%10 Redox value (con)00,0%11,7%1 UV-Extinction (con) 00,0%35,0%3 O2 (con)00,0%11,7%1 NH4-N (con) 11,7%1016,7%11 NOx-N (con)11,7%1016,7%11 TOC (con) 11,7%46,7%5 PO4-P (con) 11,7%00,0%1 Ptot (con) 00,0%46,7%4 Edition of the inspectorate Plant operation (2003) Continuous measurements of the lab

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19. ® Rainer Abendt Monitoring Different evaluate methods  - Discussion of measure lines  - Calculated values, e.g. calculation of load, reaction rates etc. - Statistical evaluation  - Correlation of measured values  - Calculation of economy

20. ® Rainer Abendt Monitoring Discussion of measure lines  - Usual working method for the observation of the plant on the process control system (real time)  - Optimization of automatic controller (on line, 1 min average off line)  - Breakdown consideration (real time, 15 min average off line) peak loads (15 min average off line)  - Year measuring lines (conzentration, load random samples, off line 24 h average sample, 8 h average, 24 h average)

21. ® Rainer Abendt Monitoring Computed values, e.g. calculation of load, reaction rates etc.  - Computed values for plant optimization / rating (off line 15 min AV, 24 h AV)  - Basis for further evalation (24 h AV)  - Standardization of the biological reaction activity to DS-salary and temperature (=> reaction rate)  - Definition of order of reaction (=> Question formulation: They are available for reserves in the system section?)  - Rating for associated arrangements (15 min AV)

22. ® Rainer Abendt Monitoring Statistical evaluation  - Are determined: Average (annual mean) standard deviation, 15 % und 85 % - Percentil - value for day load and concentration (basis Lab values)  - Computed values over years / values considers more than 10 years  - Occured in special cases ascertaining over Lab and on line values (temporary!)  - Computing of added curves and distributions for special question formulations (e.g. efficiency)

23. ® Rainer Abendt Monitoring Correlation of measured values  - Inspection of use of comparative value (on line) for not automatized measurements; e.g. UV-probe => TOC, BOD 5, COD Turbidity => FS, DS-Salary  - Estimate of cross influencing of probe measurements FS = filtrated solid; DS = dissolved solid

24. ® Rainer Abendt Monitoring Calculation of economy  - Purchase of chemicals  - Definition / frame determination of operating conditions and formulation of destinations of the operating optimization  - Decision aid for construction of parts of treatment plants

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26. ® Rainer Abendt Monitoring My experiences as plant manager over 30 years: The the staff needs continuous measured values those show the actual state (see table „Continuous measurements of the lab“). But the best measuring instrument is the engaged and well developed employee. He has the best remote sensing: - Nose for smell: every system section smells different. You can already recognize by odour whether the system section runs normal or there is a superload or an un-normal state. The employee can say with combined eyes where he is currently. He recognizes the place by odour.

27. ® Rainer Abendt Monitoring - Ears for noises: Machines or mobile parts cause noises if they work. You can at the noise may recognize, whether every ok is, or a damage announces itself. - Eyes for see: Is a plant in normal state? Coloring the water announces whether the activation works well or you have a superload or an un-normal state. The sludge on the water (color and crowd) tells you if the operating state is good. The microscopic picture shows whether enough oxygen is in water, etc. - Brain (Computer) for react: The employee can immediately intervene into the procedure. He can ward off dangers and costs with his experience.

28. ® Rainer Abendt Monitoring Which training is required in order to appertain to a good staff? Vocational training!