1. The study of something in a manner that can be tested
What Is Science???
An organized way to observe and collect data to learn about the natural world
The study of something in a manner that can be tested

3. Why is Science important?
It gives us a means to study nature.
It allows us to explain events in nature
It allows us to make predictions about the natural world.
Example: what will the long term affects of global warming be?
Another example: How would losing one species in a food web affect the other species in that food web.

4. Welcome to sc. method

5. The Scientific Method Identify the Problem Collect Background Info.
Form a Hypothesis
Perform experiments
Collect Data
Analyze Data
Form a Conclusion
Re-test Hypothesis

6. Observation Types
Qualitative: involve characteristics or traits that cannot be easily counted or measured
For example, The dog’s fur is black
Quantitative: involves characteristics that can be easily counted or measured
For example, The dog has two eyes.

7. What is Data?
The information gathered through observations and/or experimentation.
Sometimes referred to as evidence.

8. Defining an Inference
An inference is a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge and experience.
An example would be if you see an eagle with a white head, you might infer that it is a bald eagle.
Based on the way people dress we make inferences all the time. I. e. if a person wears nice clothes they have lots of money, or if they pierce their nose they like punk rock.

9. Hypothesis
A hypothesis is an explanation for a set of observations or an answer to a scientific question.
ALL HYPOTHESES HAVE TO BE ABLE TO BE TESTED OTHERWISE IT IS USELESS TO SCIENCE!!!!!

10. 3 Ways Hypotheses arise Prior Knowledge Logical inferences
Imaginative guesses

11. What is a Theory???
It is a well tested hypothesis that has not been refuted by scientific observation or experimentation.
I. e. The Theory of Evolution, Geologic Time, or Plate Tectonics.
These are all well established Scientific Theories.

12. Spontaneous generation
Aristotle originated idea 2300 years ago
This idea was not scientifically tested until 1668.
Redi proposed a new hypothesis for how life originates
Maggots from flies hypothesis.

13. Controlled Experiments
An experiment in which there is only one manipulated or independent variable.
All other variables need to be controlled
A manipulated Variable is a variable that is being changed
A controlled variable is a variable that is kept constant throughout the experiment
A responding variable is a variable that changes in response to the manipulated variable

14. Redi’s Experiment Controlled experiment
Tested whether flies have anything to do with the emergence of maggots.
What is the manipulated variable? Why?
What are the controlled variables? Why?
What is the responding variable? Why?

15. Figure 1-8 Redi’s Experiment on Spontaneous Generation
Section 1-2
OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat.
HYPOTHESIS: Flies produce maggots.
PROCEDURE
Uncovered jars
Covered jars
Controlled Variables:
jars, type of meat,
location, temperature,
time
Manipulated Variables:
gauze covering that
keeps flies away from
meat
Several
days pass
Responding Variable:
whether maggots
appear
Maggots appear
No maggots appear
CONCLUSION: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of maggots did not occur.
Go to Section:

16. Figure 1-10 Spallanzani’s Experiment
Section 1-2
Gravy is boiled.
Flask is
open.
Gravy is teeming
with microorganisms.
Flask is
sealed.
Gravy is free of
microorganisms.
Gravy is boiled.
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17. Figure 1-11 Pasteur’s Experiment
Section 1-2
Broth is boiled.
Broth is free of
microorganisms
for a year.
Curved neck
is removed.
Broth is
teeming with microorganisms.
Go to Section:

18. Figure 1-11 Pasteur’s Experiment
Section 1-2
Broth is boiled.
Broth is free of
microorganisms
for a year.
Curved neck
is removed.
Broth is
teeming with microorganisms.
Go to Section:

19. Figure 1-11 Pasteur’s Experiment
Section 1-2
Broth is boiled.
Broth is free of
microorganisms
for a year.
Curved neck
is removed.
Broth is
teeming with microorganisms.
Go to Section:

20. Figure 1-11 Pasteur’s Experiment
Section 1-2
Broth is boiled.
Broth is free of
microorganisms
for a year.
Curved neck
is removed.
Broth is
teeming with microorganisms.
Go to Section:

21. Pasteur Continued… Why was Pasteur’s experiment so important?
It allowed air into the flask ended the last debate over spontaneous generation.

22. Field Observation Studies
Controlled experiments can not always be used
Instead scientists sometimes use Field Observation studies.
F. O. S. are when scientists observe nature and collect data without interfering in anyway.
I. e. a scientist studying Gorillas in the wild.

25. Section 1-3 Living Characteristics

26. Biology The science that seeks to understand the living world.
Types of biologists includes:
Zoologists
Botanists
Marine biologists
And more specific types

27. Characteristics of Living Things
Made of cells
Have to reproduce
Based on genetic code (contain DNA)
Grow and develop
Use materials and energy
Respond to their environment
Maintain homeostasis
Change over time as a group (evolve)

28. Characteristics of Living Things
Section 1-3
Characteristic
Examples
Living things are made up of units called cells.
Many microorganisms consist of only a single cell. Animals and trees are multicellular.
Living things reproduce.
Maple trees reproduce sexually. A hydra can reproduce asexually by budding.
Living things are based on a universal genetic code.
Flies produce flies. Dogs produce dogs. Seeds from maple trees produce maple trees.
Living things grow and develop.
Flies begin life as eggs, then become maggots, and then become adult flies.
Living things obtain and use materials and energy.
Plants obtain their energy from sunlight. Animals obtain their energy from the food they eat.
Living things respond to their environment.
Leaves and stems of plants grow toward light.
Living things maintain a stable internal environment.
Despite changes in the temperature of the environment, a robin maintains a constant body temperature.
Taken as a group, living things change over time.
Plants that live in the desert survive because they have become adapted to the conditions of the desert.
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29. Cells Are the smallest units of an organism
Unicellular- means to only have one cell
Examples are bacteria and paramecium
Multicellular- means to have many cells
Examples include dogs, cats, and humans OH MY!

30. Reproduction Production of viable offspring
Sexual reproduction- two cells unite to form the first cell of a new organism (egg and sperm)
Asexual reproduction- the new organism is identical to the parent cell it came from.
I. e. mitosis, binary fission

31. Grow and develop All living things grow and develop
This often occurs in stages, such as our own embryonic stages or like the metamorphic stages of a butterfly

32. DNA- (deoxyribonucleic acid)
All living things have DNA in every cell that gives instructions to the cell.

33. Metabolism
Chemical reactions through which organisms builds up or breaks down materials.
Determines amount of energy used/needed

34. Homeostasis
This is how organisms keep their internal conditions relatively stable.
This homeostasis is constantly being threatened by the environment.
Think about the movie Biodome.

35. Evolve Organisms change over time as a group Remember the bacteria!
Over time organisms with useful characteristics survive to reproduce while non useful characteristics do not. This causes the individuals w/ non useful characteristics to decrease and the individuals w/ useful char. to increase in number.
Snake’s hind legs is a good example.

36. 8 Levels of Organization
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism
Groups of cells
Cells
molecules

37. Figure 1-21 Levels of Organization
Section 1-3
Figure Levels of Organization
The part of Earth
that contains all
ecosystems
Biosphere
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community and
its nonliving
surroundings
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air
Populations that
live together in a
defined area
Community
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass
Group of
organisms of one
type that live in
the same area
Population
Bison herd
Go to Section:

38. Figure 1-21 Levels of Organization continued
Section 1-3
Organism
Individual living
thing
Bison
Tissues, organs,
and organ systems
Groups of
Cells
Nervous tissue
Brain
Nervous system
Smallest functional
unit of life
Cells
Nerve cell
Groups of atoms;
smallest unit of
most chemical
compounds
Molecules
Water
DNA
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