1. Zaigham Abbas Senior Chemist Pak-EPA, Islamabad

2.  Pak, EPA get prepared National Emissions Inventory of Pakistan in 2000 for eleven years (1980, 1985 and 1991 - 1998.  This draft report was prepared by a consultant firm Hagler Bailly Pakistan under Male’ Declaration.  Hard copy of this report is available.  Some facts of this report are as under;

3.  Pakistan Energy Yearbook. Prepared by Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan.  Economic Survey. Published annually by the Economic Advisor’s Wing, Finance Division, Government of Pakistan.  Pakistan Railways Yearbook. Published by Pakistan Railways.  Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan. Published by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Government of Pakistan.  Pakistan Census of Livestock. Published by Agricultural Census Organization.  Various publications of the National Transport Research Center.

4.  All emission factors used in the inventory were based on research and compilation undertaken in the US and the European countries.  No research in this area has been conducted in Pakistan.  Wherever sufficient information was available the emission factors proposed by western sources were modified to suit local conditions.

5. UTILIZATION OF ENERGY IN THE INDUSTRY, DOMESTIC AND TRANSPORTATION SECTOR FuelIndustry Domestic Transportation ResidentialCommercialAgriculture Coal Brick Kilns Steel Mills Cooking Gasoline Road Transportation Kerosene Lighting Cooking Space Heating Diesel Boilers and Furnaces Farm Machinery Road Transport Railway Light Diesel Oil Engines for Water Wells Furnace Oil Boilers and Furnaces Railway LPG Cooking Road Transportation Natural Gas Boilers and Furnaces Feedstock for Fertlizer Water Heating Cooking Space Heating Road Transportation (CNG) Biomass Bagasse in Sugar Mills for Boilers Fuelwood in Brick Kilns Water Heating Cooking Space Heating Cooking Electricity Lighting Motors and Appliances Lighting Appliances Electric Pumps for Water Wells Rail

6. ENERGY CONSUMPTION (MEGATONNES OF OIL EQUIVALENT [mtoe]) YearFuel TypeIndustry Domestic Transportation Power Generati on Fuel Conversion OtherTotal ResidentialCommercialAgriculturalTotal 1998Coking Coal0.667 1998lignite and Sub-Bituminous Coal1.3270.001 0.164 1.492 1998Crude Oil 0.226 1998Aviation Fuel 0.287 0.2200.507 1998Gasoline 1.4100.001 0.0241.435 1998Kerosene 0.540 0.0010.000 0.0200.560 1998High Speed Diesel0.2430.004 0.0000.0046.4540.156 0.1146.971 1998Light Diesel Oil0.000 0.269 0.0000.003 0.0000.273 1998Furnce Oil1.914 0.0086.075 0.0408.037 1998LPG 0.1530.051 0.2040.038 0.0130.255 1998Other Non Energy Oil0.2430.003 0.0000.0030.0780.001 0.0030.327 1998Natural Gas4.0713.3220.463 3.7850.0124.4220.8122.72315.825 1998Biomass (Fuelwood)0.0024.8120.313 5.155 5.157 1998Biomass (Crop Residue)0.5571.202 1.759 1998Biomass (Animal Residue) 1.234 1998Biomass (Wood Charcoal) 0.105 1998Electricity1.0571.6050.2010.5962.4020.001 0.3543.815 1998Hydroelectricity Production 1.897 1998Nuclear Electicity Production 0.032

7. SULFUR CONTENTS OF FUEL (%) Fuel Type Fuel Conversion Sector Power Generation SectorDomestic SectorTransport SectorIndustrial Sector Coking Coal 0.50000% Light and Sub-Bituminous Coal 5.10000%4.90000% 5.10000% Crude Oil1.00000% Aviation Fuel 0.05000% Gasoline 0.01000% Kerosene 0.20000% High Speed Diesel 1.00000% Light Diesel Oil 1.80000% Furnce Oil 3.00000% LPG 0.00016% Other Non Energy Oil 0.00000% Natural Gas 0.01000% Biomass (Fuelwood) 0.20000% Biomass (Crop Residue) 0.01000% Biomass (Animal Residue) 0.00225% Biomass (Wood Charcoal) 0.00000%

8. NET CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUELS (TONNES OF OIL EQUIVALENT PER TONNE) Fuel TypeFuel Conversion SectorPower Generation SectorDomestic Sector Transport Sector Industrial Sector Coking Coal0.695 Light and Sub-Bituminous Coal0.472 Crude Oil1.089 Aviation Fuel1.096 Gasoline1.108 Kerosene1.089 High Speed Diesel1.110 Light Diesel Oil1.100 Furnce Oil1.028 LPG1.142 Other Non Energy Oil0.960 Natural Gas1.143 Biomass (Fuelwood)0.382 Biomass (Crop Residue)0.358 Biomass (Animal Residue)0.287 Biomass (Wood Charcoal)0.740

9. SULFUR RETENTION IN ASH OF FUELS (%) Fuel Type Fuel Conversion Sector Power Generation Sector Domestic Sector Transport Sector Industrial Sector Coking Coal 5% Lignite and Sub- Bituminous Coal 30% Biomass (Fuelwood) 0% Biomass (Crop Residue) 0% Biomass (Animal Residue) 0% Biomass (Wood Charcoal) 0%

10. SULFUR CONTENT OF FUELS Fuel TypeFuelSelected Value BiomassAnimal Residue0.22500% BiomassCrop Residue0.01000% BiomassFuelwood0.20000% BiomassWood Charcoal0.00000% CoalGeneral0.50000% Diesel 1.00000% DieselLight Furnace Oil1.80000% CrudeCrude Oil1.00000% Furnace Oil 3.00000% Gasoline 0.01000% KeroseneAviation Fuel0.05000% Kerosene 0.20000% Natural GasLPG0.00016% Natural Gas 0.01000%

11. BIOMASS CONSUMPTION (Pote 000) YearBiomassIndustryHouseholdCommercialTotal 1998Firewood61267181913496 1998Crop Residue1554335504909 1998Dung043040 1998Charcoal01410 Total15602047281922851 Assumed Growth Rate 2%

12. NUMBER OF MOBILE SOURCE Vehicle Type Taxi CabBusesTruckRickshawsMotor Cars SizeSmall (<1.5 l)All Small (< 1.5 l)Medium (< 1.5 - 2.1 l)Large (< 2.1 l) FuelGasolineDieselLPGCNGDiesel Gasoline CNGGasolineDieselCNGGasolineDiesel 199854,9143,1603,7921,33479,700136,50082,900437,7199,441148,3437,9853,37228,7463,194 NUMBER OF MOBILE SOURCE Vehicle TypeJeeps Station Wagons Motorcycles/ Scooters TractorsDelivery VansOthersTrainsBoats SizeAll FuelGasolineDiesel GasolineDieselGasolineDieselGasoline Furnace Oil Diesel 1998 11,50046,00072,6001,843,700492,200147,9569,44489,7001,42489,56714,320

13. NUMBER OF MOBILE SOURCE (ANNUAL DISTANCE TRAVELED IN MILLION KM) Vehicle Type Taxi CabBusesTruckRickshawsMotor Cars SizeSmall (<1.5 l)All Small (< 1.5 l)Medium (< 1.5 - 2.1 l)Large (< 2.1 l) FuelGasolineDieselLPGCNGDiesel Gasoline CNGGasolineDieselCNGGasolineDiesel 19981,785103123434,7827,6443,2335,5151191,8691014236240 NUMBER OF MOBILE SOURCE (ANNUAL DISTANCE TRAVELED IN MILLION KM) Vehicle TypeJeeps Station Wagons Motorcycles/ Scooters Tractors*Delivery VansOthersTrainsBoats SizeAll FuelGasolineDiesel GasolineDieselGasolineDieselGasolineFODiesel 1998 1455804,71916,5934927,6944917180350 * Values are in million hours

14. MOBILE SOURCE EMISSION FACTORS (g/km) Vehicle TypeTaxi CabBusesTruckRickshawsMotor Cars SizeSmall (<1.5 l)All Small (< 1.5 l)Medium (< 1.5 - 2.1 l)Large (< 2.1 l) FuelGasolineDieselLPGCNGDiesel Gasoline CNGGasolineDieselCNGGasolineDiesel NOx1.401.172.110.895.4012.960.540.400.891.791.171.132.811.94 PM0.050.26 2.501.250.180.05 0.060.26 1.010.44 SO20.011.670.000.014.785.580.01 1.670.010.022.70 MOBILE SOURCE EMISSION FACTORS (g/km) Vehicle TypeJeeps Station Wagons Motorcycles/ Scooters TractorsDelivery VansOthersTrainsBoats SizeAll FuelGasolineDiesel GasolineDieselGasolineDieselGasoline Furnace Oil Diesel NOx 3.821.568.700.10233.341.151.563.89227.27155.87 PM0.110.230.950.0611.400.030.230.12127.2313.58 SO20.021.671.390.0083.690.011.670.011938.3374.44

15. TOTAL EMISSION FROM TRANSPORT SECTOR BY SOURCE IN 1998 (tonnes) Parameter Non-Government RailwayGovernmentAll Sources Two-StrokeSmall Vehicles Medium Duty Vehicles Heavy Duty Vehicles Total Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)3,39716,83753,436239,766313,4365,5105,527324,473 Particulate Matter (PM)1,5326704,93227,12134,25450360635,362 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)961,5337,469106,708115,8063,0132,051120,871 MOTOR VEHICLE ON ROAD (000 NUMBER) YearTaxi CabsBusesTrucksRickshawsMotor CarsJeepStation Wagon Motorcycles / Scooter Tractor Delivery Van Other 199863.279.7136.582.9638.857.572.61843.7492.2157.489.7

16. NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY FUEL COMBUSTION SOURCES (tonnes) YearFuel TypeIndustryResidentialCommercialAgriculturalPowerOther 1998Light and Sub-Bituminous Coal8,1495 1,005 1998Kerosene 61 2 1998High Speed Diesel14,016 1,968 1998Light Diesel Oil10 15,5193119 1998Furnace Oil13,098 43,453277 1998LPG 533178 44 1998Natural Gas7,1752,005280 24,470 1998Biomass (Fuelwood)410,137655 1998Biomass (Crop Residue)1,5545,033 1998Biomass (Animal Residue) 5,165 1998Biomass (Wood Charcoal) 438 PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY FUEL CONBUSTION SOURCES (tonnes) YearFuel TypeIndustryResidentialCommercialAgriculturalPowerOther 1998Light and Sub-Bituminous Coal32,5383 4,013 1998Kerosene 115 4 1998High Speed Diesel438 350 1998Light Diesel Oil0 48561 1998Furnce Oil7,332 12,271155 1998LPG 1998Natural Gas54523633 1,035 1998Biomass (Fuelwood)25114,0407,371 1998Biomass (Crop Residue)20,20443,618 1998Biomass (Animal Residue) 44,764 1998Biomass (Wood Charcoal) 2,464

17. SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY FUEL COMBUSTION SOURCES (tonnes) YearFuel TypeIndustryResidentialCommercialAgriculturalPowerOther 1998Light and Sub-Bituminous Coal200,626162 23,773 1998Kerosene 1,983 72 1998High Speed Diesel4,385 2,556 1998Light Diesel Oil6 8,8198211 1998Furnce Oil111,707 202,9142,363 1998LPG 00 0 1998Natural Gas84869297 921 1998Biomass (Fuelwood)2350,6853,276 1998Biomass (Crop Residue) 671 1998Biomass (Animal Residue) 194 1998Biomass (Wood Charcoal)

18. PRODUCTION OF SELECTED INDUSTRIAL ITEMS IN 1998 (000 tonnes) Paper and Paper BoardOil RefineriesNitrogen FertilizerCement ProductionSulphuric Acid Production 344.86444.528.13893.59364 INDUSTRIAL PROCESS EMISSION FACTORS (kg/tonnes of Production) SectorNOxPMSO2 Paper and Pulp2.0112.530.0 Oil Refineries0.30.81.3 Sulphuric Acid Production 17.5 Nitrogen Fertilizer Production 2.1 Cement Production2.122.00.6

19. EMISSION FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES (tonnes) IN 1998 ParameterPaper and PulpOil Refineries Sulphuric Acid Production Nitrogen Fertilizer Production Cement Production Total Nitrogen Oxides6901,9330019,77622,398 Particulate Matter38,7905,15608,001206,425258,371 Sulfur Dioxide10,3448,37849205,38324,597

20. AMMONIA EMISSION FROM ANIMAL HUSBANDRY IN 1998 CattleBuffaloesSheepGoatsCamelsAssesHorsesMulesChickenDucks Population (Number in 000)21,15421,33423,72844,1547903,689325151279,6521,299 Emission Factors (kg/unit)20.8224.193.376.4012.20 0.170.12 Total Emission (tonnes)440,426516,06979,963282,5869,63845,0063,9651,84248,044152

21. TOTAL EMISSIONS IN (000 TONNES) IN 1998 Parameter Industrial (Combustion) Industrial (Processes) ResidentialCommercialAgriculturalTransportation Power Generation OtherTotal Nitrogen Oxide44.0122.4023.381.1115.52324.4770.930.34502.16 Particulate Matter61.08258.37205.247.400.4835.3617.670.16585.78 Sulfur Dioxide317.5924.6054.393.378.82120.87230.252.45762.33 Ammonia 46.36 0.871.301771.071819.59

22. 2005-6 DATA

23. PETROLEUM ENERGY PRODUCT CONSUMPTION (TOE) IN 2005 DomesticIndustrialAgricultureTransportPowerOther/Govt 132,7161,703,63385,3518,582,7174,110,527373,184 MOTOR VEHICLE ON ROAD (000 NUMBER) Taxi CabsBusesTrucksRickshawsMotor CarsJeepStation Wagon Motorcycles / Scooter Tractor Delivery Van Other 122.1103.6151.877.8199.265.7140.83791822.3143.360.2

24. PRODUCTION OF SELECTED INDUSTRIAL ITEMS IN 2005 (000 tonnes) Paper and Paper BoardOil RefineriesNitrogen FertilizerCement ProductionSulphuric Acid Production 476.2104982411.81848395.5 SECTORAL CONSUMPTION OF NATURAL GAS IN 2005 (MMCFT) PowerFertilizerGeneral IndustriesCementTransportCommercialDomesticTotal 4917661980492789731533538885292681711091223385

25. ENERGY CONSUMPTION (TOE) YearFuel TypeIndustry Domestic Transportation Power Generatio n OtherTotal ResidentialCommercialAgricultural 2005Coal3,611,490000066,81203,678,302 2005Oil1,703,633132,716085,35104,110,527373,1846,405,411 2005Aviation Fuel0000563,98500 2005Gasoline00001,227,57900 2005Kerosene000062300 2005High Speed Diesel00006,763,63900 2005Light Diesel Oil000072300 2005Furnce Oil000018,83100 2005LPG0416,102177,88400031,806625,792 2005Other Non Energy Oil00000000 2005Natural Gas7,726,5024,003,955684,8860909,9089,978,2073876494***23,303,458 2005HOBC00007,33600 2005Electricity1,612,7352,501,813385,222647,3491042*0357394**5,147,119 * @ 3412 Btu/kWh. Includes railway traction. ** @ 3412 Btu/kWh. Also include bulk supplies and street light. *** Energy and Non Energy uses of Gas in Fertilizer Sector

26. EMISSION FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES (tonnes) IN 2005 ParameterPaper and PulpOil Refineries Sulphuric Acid Production Nitrogen Fertilizer Production Cement Production total Nitrogen Oxides9523,1490038,81442,916 Particulate Matter53,5728,39805,064406,626473,660 Sulfur Dioxide14,28613,6441,671011,08940,690

27. AMONIA EMISSION FROM ANIMAL HUSBANDRY IN 2005 CattleBuffaloesSheepGoatsCamelsAssesHorsesMulesChickenDucks Population (Number in 000)25,50028,40025,50061,9007004,300300 Emission Factors (kg/unit)20.8224.193.376.4012.20 Total Emission (tonnes)530,910686,99685,935396,1608,54052,4603,660

28. BIOMASS CONSUMPTION (Pote 000) YearBiomassIndustryHouseholdCommercialTotal 2005Firewood 714,445 934 15,386 2005Crop Residue 1,7723,525 0 5,297 2005Dung 04,907 0 2005Charcoal 0161 0 Total 1,779 23,038 93425,751 Assumed Growth Rate 2% NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION (MMCFT) YearPowerFertilizerGeneral IndustriesCementTransportCommercialDomesticTotal 2005491,766198,049278,97315,33538,88529,268171,1091,223,385

30. MONTHLY MEAN VALUE OF ISLAMABAD FOR YEAR 2009 Months NONO2NOxCH4NMHCTHCCOSO2O3MCWnd SpdWnd DirTempRHRadiation ug/m3 ppbug/m3ppb mg/m3ug/m3 m/sdegreesdegC%W/m2 January -2009 51.3144.7964.51 0.939.5618.1866.980.88236.0911.6673.1384.81 Febraury-2009 113.7368.58124.78 1.2322.5913.6564.331.18152.5214.0063.77128.95 March-2009 62.3458.9280.45 1.0119.1727.24111.881.05134.6218.7753.50154.30 April-2009 67.7240.9374.80 0.912.5945.9737.551.13197.7221.7662.49200.62 May-2009 63.9449.0175.72 0.928.0469.7935.011.05188.9527.4146.72248.58 June-2009 33.5248.0050.743519.38573.485826.290.6814.1590.8033.191.00162.8331.1336.38264.42 July-2009 18.2535.9033.451750.9891.792704.950.527.7896.6221.880.9486.9431.4354.47229.80 AUG-2009 8.9228.4222.001901.55120.842958.990.452.19107.5424.710.93146.2829.4771.69191.93 SEP-2009 22.6235.9036.912434.38249.373882.770.636.4572.3038.280.85143.4927.5867.42169.26 OCT-2009 70.7152.6979.233427.36673.365774.521.2517.3841.8761.631.00197.0820.6156.36119.21 NOV-2009 133.1867.06133.585939.771532.118699.641.8527.0827.28104.560.98248.6914.6463.6390.61 DEC-2009 167.1654.45154.2111251.263892.1514871.952.2115.5312.61111.341.11223.8210.7364.3075.04 ANNUAL MEAN VALUE 67.7848.7277.534317.811019.016388.441.0512.7151.9959.281.01176.5921.6059.49163.13

31.  Need enough resources to develop new realist emission factors.  Inconsistency in officials getting these trainings  Non - availability of complete data on internet.  Insufficient Resources.

32.  Consistency of officials in training program  Either hire dedicated staff for this activity OR  Provide resources to source out this activity to private firm.  Secretariat may get feedback from the countries focal persons at least once a month.  Provision of sufficient resources for collecting data and development of new realist emission factors.  Pakistan is in a state against terrorism and Pakistan economy is not strong enough to support this activity.

33. THANKS