1. Musa mihi causas memora quo numine laeso,
Muse me causes remind what divine will injured
quidve dolens regina deum tot volvere casus
What or grieving queen gods’ many endure difficulties
insignem pietate virum, tot adire labores 
Famous piety man many undergo labors          
impulerit. Tantaene animis caelestibus irae?
force Such ? souls heavenly anger
Muse me causes remind what divine will injured what or grieving queen gods’ many endure difficulties Famous piety man many undergo labors

2. Musa mihi causas memora quo numine laeso,1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Musa mihi causas memora quo numine laeso, 1 1 4 2 2
O Muse, relate to me the
causes, by what divine will
thwarted, or grieving at
what did the queen of the
gods force a man famous
for piety to endure such
misfortune and to endure
so many labors. 3 5 5 6 7 9 10 8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
quidve dolens, regina deum tot volvere casus 8 22 11 12 12 22 18 16 17 17 14 14 13 16 17 18 19 20 21
insignem pietate virum, tot adire labores  15 20 20 19 21 22
impulerit

3. LATIN GRAMMAR The parts of speech in Latin are the same as in English
Class 3
Lectio 3
LATIN GRAMMAR
The parts of speech in Latin are the same as in English
nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections
Latin, however, has no article
Nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs are capable of inflection
for nouns, adjectives, pronouns this is called declension
for verbs this is called conjugation

4. Nouns
Latin nouns are the names of person, place, thing or quality
Three genders
masculine, feminine, and neuter
Most Latin nouns determine gender by Nom. Sing. ending

5. Latin has two numbers, the singular and the plural
Singular denotes one object, the plural more than one
Case
There are six cases in Latin
Nominative, case of subject Accusative, case of direct object
Genitive, objective with of Vocative, case of address
Dative, objective with to or for Ablative, objective with by, from, in, with

6. There are five declensions in Latin
The Latin Declensions
There are five declensions in Latin
Each declension is distinguished by
the final letter of the stem
the termination of the genitive singular
Declension Final letter of stem Gen. Termination
First a -ae
Second o -i
Third i -is
Some consonant
Fourth u -us
Fifth e -ei

7. First Declension a-stems
Singular
Cases Meaning Terminations
Nom. porta a gate (subject) a
Gen. portae of a gate ae
Dat. portae to or for a gate ae
Acc. portam a gate (object) am
Voc. porta O gate! a
Abl. porta with, by, from, in a gate a
Plural
Nom. portae ae
Gen. portarum arum
Dat. portis is
Acc. portas as
Voc. portae ae
Abl. portis is

8. Pure Latin nouns of the 2nd declension end in:
Second Declension
Pure Latin nouns of the 2nd declension end in:
masc. –us, -er, -ir neuter -um
Stems
horto-
bello-
Sing Plural
Nom. hortus -us bellum -um horti -i bella -a
Gen. horti -i belli -i hortorum -orum bellorum -orum
Dat. horto -o bello -o hortis -is bellis -is
Acc. hortum -um bellum -um hortos -os bella -a
Voc. horte -e bellum -um horti -i bella -a
Abl. horto -o bello -o hortis -is bellis -is

9. 2nd dec. in -er and -ir Singular N. puer ager vir -# G. pueri agri
viri -i D.
puero
agro
viro -o
Acc.
puerum
agrum
virum
-um V.
Abl.
Stems
puero-
agro-
viro-
Plural N.
pueri
agri
viri -i G.
puerorum
agrorum
virorum
-orum D.
pueris
agris
viris
-is
Acc.
agros
viros
-os V.
Abl.

10. Third Declension
3rd declension nouns end in –a, -e, -i, -o, -y, -c, -l, -n, -r, -s, -t, -x
There are several general types
Consonant stems (i.e. mute, liquid, nasal, or spirant)
i-stems
Consonant stems that are adapted to i-stems
Stems in –i, -u, and diphthongs
Irregulars
Declension is fairly complicated and will be covered over the semester
Gender Principles. Nouns ending in:
-o, or, -os, -er, -es are masculine
-as, -es, -is, ys, -x, -s, -do, -go, io, -us (long) are feminine
-a, -e, -i, -y, -c, -l, -n, -t, -ar, -ur, -us (short) are neuter

11. Third Declension General Endings
-is -i
-em -e
-es
-um
-ibus -#
-is -i
-em -e
-es
-um
-ibus
-is -
-im, -em
-e, -i
-es
-ium
-ibus
-is,-es -e
-is -i
-ia
-ium
-ibus
Main confusion occurs in the nom. sing. This and the genitive singular, which gives the stem, must be memorized as a vocabulary item
trabs, trabis (f.) tussis, tussis (f.)
remex, remigis (m.) ignis, ignis (m.)
vigil, vigilis (m.) hostis, hostis (c.)
genus, generis (n.)
mos, moris (m.)

12. Nouns of the 4th declension end in –us (masc.) and –u (neuter)
Fourth Declension
Nouns of the 4th declension end in –us (masc.) and –u (neuter) N.
fructus
cornu
cornua G.
fructuum
cornus
cornuum D.
fructui
fructibus
cornibus
Acc.
fructum V.
Abl.
fructu

13. Nouns of the 5th declension end in –es
Fifth Declension
Nouns of the 5th declension end in –es
dies: masc.
res: fem N.
dies
res G.
diei
dierum
rei
rerum D.
diebus
rebus
Acc.
diem
rem V.
Abl.
die re

14. Defective Nouns
Nouns used in the singular only [proper names e.g. Cicero]
Nouns used in the plural only [geographical names e.g. Thebae]
Nouns used only in certain cases [fors, forte, nom and abl. sing.]
Indeclinable nouns [nihil, nefas]

15. First and Second Declension Adjectives
Adjectives denote quality. They are declined like nouns and fall into two classes
Adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declensions
Adjectives of the 3rd declensions
First and Second Declension Adjectives

16. Third Declension Adjectives
Three terminations
Two terminations
One termination

17. Comparison of Adjectives
Three degrees of comparison:
Positive, Comparative and Superlative
The comparative is regularly formed by adding –ior (-ius) to the positive stem
The superlative is regularly formed by adding -issimus (-a, -um) to the positive stem
Some adjectives vary the stem in comparison
bonus meliro optimus
parvus minor minimus
Many adjectives form the comparative and superlative by prefixing magis and maxime

18. Comparison of Adverbs
Most adverbs are derived from adjectives and depend upon them for comparison
Those derived from 1st and 2nd declension adjectives
change the –i of the gen. sing. to –e
carus care
Those derived from the 3rd declension
change the –is of the gen. sing. to –iter
acer acriter
The comparative is the same as the n. sing. comparative of the adjective
The superlative changes the –i of the gen. sing. of the adj. to –e
(carus) care carius carissime

19. Numerals In Latin are of three types Cardinals unus, duo
Ordinals primus, secundus
Distributives singuli, bini
Numerals in Latin are declined

20. Pronouns Latin has eight classes of pronouns I. Personal V. Intensive
II. Reflexive VI. Relative
III. Possessive VII. Interrogative
IV. Demonstrative VIII. Indefinite

21. Personal Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns
I, you, he, she, it, etc.
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
ego tu is, ea, id nos vos ----
mei tui nostrum vestrum
mihi tibi nobis vos
me te nos vos
---- tu vos
me te nobis vobis
nom.
gen.
dat.
acc.
voc.
abl.
(declined as a demonstrative)
Reflexive Pronouns
Third Person
Gen. sui
Dat. sibi
Acc. se / sese
Voc. ----
Abl. se / sese
myself, yourself, himself, etc.
1st and 2nd persons are supplied by oblique cases of ego and tu

22. Possessive Pronouns my, thy, his, her, its our, your, their
Latin possessive pronouns are treated as adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declension
meus, -a, -um
noster, nostra, nostrum
tuus, -a, um
vester, vestra, vestrum
suus, -a, -um
Pater suos liberos amat

23. Demonstrative Pronouns
hic, this (where I am)
iste, that (where you are)
ille, that (something distinct from the speaker)
is, that (weaker than ille)
idem, the same
Demonstratives of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd person respectively

24. Interrogative Pronouns
Relative Pronouns
who
Nom. qui quae quod qui quae quae
Gen. cujus cujus cujus quorum quarum quorum
Dat. cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus
Acc. quem quam quod quos quas quae
Abl. quo qua quo quibus quibus quibus
Interrogative Pronouns
M. and F.
Neuter
Nom. quis quod
Gen. cujus cujus
Dat. cui cui
Acc. quem quod
Abl. quo quo
Plural is same as relative pronoun

25. Indefinite Pronouns

26. Verbs The inflection of verbs is called conjugation
Verbs have Voice, Mood, Tense, Number and Person
In Latin
Two voices
Active and Passive
Five Moods
Indicative, subjunctive, imperative, infinitive and participle
Six Tenses
Present Perfect
Imperfect Pluperfect
Future Future perfect

27. Personal Endings of the Verb
Active
Passive
-o; -m; -i (perf. indic.) -r
-s; -sti (perf. indic.); -to (imp.) -ris, -re; -re, -tor (imp.)
-t; -to (imp.) -tur; tor (imp.)
Sing.
–mus -mur
-tis; -stis (pef. indic.); -te, -tote (imp.) -mini
-nt; -erunt (perf. indic.); -nto (imp.) -ntur; -ntor (imp.)
Plural

28. Verb Stems
Conjugation consists in appending certain endings to the stem. There are three different stems in a fully inflected verb

29. Infinitive termination
The Four Conjugations
Infinitive termination
Distinguishing vowel 1.
-are a 2.
-ere e 3. 4.
-ire i

30. The Verb “to be” (memorize)

31. First Conjugation Verbs – Active Voice

32. First Conjugation Verbs – Passive Voice

33. Second Conjugation Verbs – Active Voice

34. Second Conjugation Verbs – Passive Voice

35. Third Conjugation Verbs – Active Voice

36. Third Conjugation Verbs – Passive Voice

37. Fourth Conjugation Verbs – Active Voice

38. Fourth Conjugation Verbs – Passive Voice

39. Other Verb Forms
Verbs in -io of the 3rd conjugation are inflected with the endings of the 4th conjugation (pres. indic.)
Deponent Verbs have mostly passive forms, but active meaning
patior, pati, passus sum
Periphrastic conjugation
active uses the Future Active Participle with sum
amaturus sum, I am about to love
passive uses the gerundive with sum
amandus sum, I am to be loved
Irregular, Defective and Impersonal Verbs

40. Adverbs Prepositions Interjections
Most adverbs are in origin case-forms which have become stereotyped by usage
quo - whither qua - where hac - by this way aliquo - to some place
Prepositions
Prepositions govern specific cases [must be memorized as a vocabulary item]
Prep. with the Accusative: ad, circa. contra, post, super, trans
Prep. with the Ablative: de, ex, pro, sine
The prep. in and sub govern both the Accusative and Ablative
in urbem, into the city in urbe, in the city
Interjections
In Latin, interjections are particles expressing emotion: surprise, joy, sorrow, calling