1. Unit 5 HS260 Anatomy, Physiology & Chemistry Amy Habeck, RD, MS, LDN 1

2. Questions? 2

3. Objectives Answer your questions Review chapter 14: Respiratory System Chapter 15: Digestive System 3

4. Types of Respiration Pulmonary ventilation: breathing or external respiration Internal respiration: exchange of gasses between the blood and cells of the body Cellular respiration: use of oxygen by cells in the process of metabolism 4

5. What is the function of respiration? 5

6. Air distribution ▫Supply oxygen to cells and remove carbon dioxide from cells Gas exchange Warms, filters and humidifies the air we breathe 6

7. Structure of Respiratory System Tube with many branches ending in millions of extremely tiny, very thin-walled sacs ▫What are these sacs called? 7

8. Structure of Respiratory System Tube with many branches ending in millions of extremely tiny, very thin-walled sacs ▫What are these sacs called?  Alveoli The alveoli distribute air close enough to blood for a gas exchange to take place between air and blood. ▫What is this transport process called? 8

9. Structure of Respiratory System Tube with many branches ending in millions of extremely tiny, very thin-walled sacs ▫What are these sacs called?  Alveoli The alveoli distribute air close enough to blood for a gas exchange to take place between air and blood. ▫What is this transport process called?  Diffusion 9

10. Upper Respiratory Tract Nose ▫External nares ▫Nasal cavities Pharynx ▫Nasopharynx ▫Oropharynx ▫Laryngoharynx Larynx (voice box) ▫Vocal cords ▫Glottis ▫Epiglotttis ▫Thyroid cartilage 10

11. Lower Respiratory Tract Trachea (windpipe) ▫15-20 C-shaped rings of cartilage ▫Produces and moves mucus up to the pharynx Bronchial tree ▫Primary (right and left) bronchi Lungs ▫Secondary bronchi ▫Bronchioles ▫Alveolar ducts ▫Alveolar sacs ▫Alveoli 11

13. Inspiration Diaphragm 1_____________, volume of thorax 2_______________ and pressure 3 ____________, causing air to fill the lungs. Expiration Diaphragm returns to 4_____________, volume of thorax 5_______________ and pressure 6____________, forcing air from the lungs.

14. Inspiration Diaphragm contracts, volume of thorax increases and pressure decreases, causing air to fill the lungs. Expiration Diaphragm returns to upward position, volume of thorax decreases and pressure increases, forcing air from the lungs.

15. Pulmonary Stretch Receptors Respond to stretch in lungs Protects respiratory organs from over inflation Air inspired – lungs expand, stimulating the stretch receptors to inhibit inspiration – relaxation of inspiratory muscles occurs – expiration follows Air expired – lungs deflate, inhibiting the stretch receptors – inspiration allowed to start again 15

16. What is the function of the respiratory mucosa? It is different from the respiratory membrane and serves a different purpose. ▫Respiratory membrane: separates the air in the alveoli from the blood in surrounding capillaries 16

17. What is the function of the respiratory mucosa? Respiratory Mucosa ▫Covered with mucus ▫Lines the tubes of the respiratory tree ▫Cleanses the air by trapping bacteria ▫Mucus forms a “blanket” that moves contaminants upward to the pharynx with the help of the hairline cilia that line the respiratory mucosa 17

18. Questions? 18

19. Digestive System (Alimentary Canal) 29 feet long Two types of digestion ▫1. ▫2. 19

20. Digestive System (Alimentary Canal) 29 feet long Two types of digestion ▫1. mechanical  Chewing or deglutition  Churning of stomach  Defecation ▫2. chemical  Digestive enzymes and other chemicals 20

21. What are the three kinds of processing that food undergo in the body? 1. 2. 3. 21

22. What are the three kinds of processing that food undergo in the body? Digestion Absorption Metabolism 22

23. What are the four layers of the digestive tract? 1. 2. 3. 4. 23

24. What are the four layers of the digestive tract? 1.Mucosa or mucous membrane 2.Submucosa 3.Muscularis 4.Serosa 24

25. Salivary Glands What is the largest salivary gland? 25

26. Salivary Glands Parotid gland: largest salivary gland, lies just below and in front of each ear at the angle of the jaw Submandibular glands: open on either side of the lingual frenulum Sublingual glands: open into the floor of the mouth 26

27. Digestion Carbohydrate ▫Salivary amylase in mouth ▫Pancreatic and intestinal juice enzymes digest starches and sugars Protein ▫Pepsin in stomach ▫Trypsin and peptidases in small intestine Fat ▫Emulsification by bile in the duodenum ▫Pancreatic lipase splits up fat into fatty acids and glycerol 27

28. Digestion-Let’s Practice Where does digestion of carbohydrate begin? Where does digestion of protein begin? Where does digestion of fat begin? 28

29. Digestion-Let’s Practice Where does digestion of carbohydrate begin? ▫In the mouth with salivary amylase ▫The majority takes place in the duodenum with intestinal enzymes sucrase, maltase and lactase Where does digestion of protein begin? ▫In the stomach with gastric juice containing pepsin and HCl ▫It continues in the small intestine with trypsin & peptidases Where does digestion of fat begin? ▫In the duodenum with pancreatic juice containing lipase 29

30. What are the three divisions of the stomach? 1. 2. 3. 30

31. What are the three divisions of the stomach? 1. fundus: enlarged portion to the left of and above the opening of the esophagus in to the stomach 2. body: central part of the stomach 3. pylorus: lower narrow section, which joins the first part of the small intestine 31

32. What are the three sections of the small intestine? 1. 2. 3. 32

33. What are the three sections of the small intestine? 1. duodenum 2. jejunum 3. ileum 33

35. Liver and Gallbladder Liver is an exocrine gland ▫Cells secrete bile into ducts 35

37. Pancreas Both an exocrine and endocrine gland Why? 37

38. Pancreas Both an exocrine and endocrine gland Exocrine ▫Secretes pancreatic juice into ducts Endocrine ▫Secretes hormones into the blood 38

39. Large Intestine About 5 feet in length What are the subdivisions of the large intestine? 39

40. Large Intestine What are the subdivisions of the large intestine? ▫Cecum ▫Ascending colon ▫Transverse colon ▫Descending colon ▫Sigmoid colon ▫Rectum ▫Anal canal 40

41. Questions? 41

42. Slide 42 A function of respiratory organs is to A.Maintain stable CO 2 concentration in the body B.Maintain stable O 2 concentration in the body C.Distribute air to the lungs D.Warm and humidify breathed air E.All of the above are correct

43. Slide 43 After leaving the trachea during inspiration, air then moves into the A.Primary bronchi B.Secondary bronchi C.Larynx D.Pharynx E.Alveoli

44. Slide 44 If the volume of the thorax increases, then a person will A.Expire B.Inspire

45. Slide 45 As a person begins exercising, we should expect their tidal volume to ? over time. A.Increase B.Decrease

46. Slide 46 Chemoreceptors detect an increase of CO 2 in the blood. What will happen next? A.Rate of breathing increases B.Rate of breathing decreases C.No change in rate of breathing

47. Slide 47 The roof of the mouth is also called the A.Pharynx B.Uvula C.Frenulum D.Palate E.Papilla

48. Slide 48 After material leaves the stomach, it then enters the A.Colon B.Jejunum C.Duodenum D.Ileum E.Esophagus

49. Slide 49 Proteins are digested into ? and then absorbed. A.Monosaccharides B.Disaccharides C.Peptide groups D.Amino acids E.Fatty acids

50. Slide 50 Emulsification is a type of ? digestion. A.Chemical B.Mechanical

51. Slide 51 Most nutrients are absorbed through the wall of the A.Stomach B.Colon C.Small intestine D.Liver E.Pancreas

52. Animations To help you study for unit 6 exam 1. Respiratory mucosa 2. Mouth and Initiation of Mechanical Digestion 3. Pharynx 4. Small Intestine 52

53. Farewell Thank you for your kind attention and participation! Email any time -ahabeck@kaplan.edu Call if your matter is urgent ▫630 323 3307 Follow me on Twitter ▫@ProfAmyH 53