1. Chapter 41 Animal Nutrition

2. I. Homeostasis and Nutrition

3. A. Glucose Regulation 1.Lots of Glucose 2.Insulin is produced by the pancreas 3.Glucose can enter the cells easier and the liver makes glycogen 4.Glucose levels in the blood drop 5.Glucose gets low 6.Pancreas secretes glucagon which does the opposite of insulin 7.Glucose is released from glycogen stored

5. B. Nourishment 1.Undernourishment – body uses protein for fuel because it is not getting enough “energy” 2.Overnourishment – body is obese - if we eat lots of carbs it increases carb oxidation and fat is not used - leptin regulates fat levels

6. C. Essential Nutrients Animal’s can not make these and must be consumed preassembled Malnourished if missing one 4 classes 1. Essential Amino Acids 2. Essential Fatty Acids 3. Vitamins 4. Minerals

7. 1. Essential Amino Acids We can not make every amino acid we need Animals produce complete proteins Plants produce incomplete proteins

8. 8 Essential Amino Acids

9. 2. Essential Fatty Acids Can’t make certain unsaturated fatty acids required for phospholipids Deficiencies very rare

10. 3. Vitamins Organic molecules needed in small amounts Water soluble and fat soluble groups 13 essential vitamins in humans

11. a. Some Water Soluble Vitamins Niacin – component of NAD and NADH Folic Acid – coenzyme on N.A. and A.A. metabolism B 12 – coenzyme in N.A. metabolism and needed for Red Blood Cells C – collagen production and anti-oxidant (protects phospholipids)

12. b. Some Fat Soluble Vitamins A – vision, skin, protects cell membrane D – bone growth, absorption of Ca and P E – antioxidant K – blood clotting

13. 4. Minerals Inorganic molecules needed in small amounts Ca – bone, nerve and muscle function P – bone, nucleotide Cl and Na – nerve function Fe – hemoglobin, electron carrier F – maintenance of teeth I – thyroid hormone

14. II. Food and Feeding Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores Most animals are opportunistic feeders 4 types of feeders:

15. A. Types of Feeders 1.Suspension feeders – sift particles from water / clams and oysters 2.Substrate feeders – live on food source and eat through it / deposit feeder is one type / maggots and earthworms 3.Fluid feeder – suck nutrients from host / mosquitos and leeches 4.Bulk feeder – large pieces of food consumed / us

16. III. Basics of Digestion

17. A. 4 Parts to Digestion 1.Ingestion 2.Digestion – (enzymatic) hydrolysis 3.Absorption 4.Elimination

18. B. Types of Digestion 1.Intracellular – use food vacuoles and enzymes / protists 2.Extracellular - gastrovascular cavity = very simple with one opening / digestion and distribution of nutrients occurs here / cniderians and planarians - complete digestive tract = mouth and anus / one direction with special regions for digestion

19. Intracellular

20. Extracellular – Gastrovascular Cavity

21. Extracellular – Complete Digestive Tract

22. IV. Mammalian Digestive System

23. A. Oral Cavity Physical and Chemical Digestion here Teeth 3 pairs of salivary glands Saliva contains mucin, buffer, and salivary amylase Forms bolus which is pushed to the pharynx by the tongue

24. B. Pharynx Junction between the esophagus and trachea Epiglottis found here which keeps food from entering the trachea

25. C.Esophagus Moves food to stomach via peristalsis Peristalsis – muscular pushing of food through digestive system Top is striated (voluntary) and the bottom is smooth Covered with mucus lining

27. D. Stomach Stretchy Secretes “gastric juices” Pepsinogen (chief cells) is converted to pepsin by HCl which is made by the parietal cells Pepsin is used to break down proteins Coated in mucus (mucus cells) Produces chyme Top has the cardiac orifice and the bottom has the pyloric sphincter

29. E. Small Intestines 1.Basics - most hydrolysis and absorption of nutrients occurs here - starts with the duodenum where bile (fat digestion and bicarbonate) and pancreatic enzymes (pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipidase, and trypsin) enter - jejunum and ilium are next / enzymes secreted here -Villi and microvilli absorb with small vessels of the lymphatic system called lacteal and blood vessels found inside - drain into the hepatic portal vessel heading to liver

30. Video

32. 2. Macromolecule Digestion a.Carb digestion – salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, maltase, sucrase, lactase b.Protein digestion – pepsin, dipeptidases, aminopeptidase / trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase are made by pancreas and turned into their active forms by enteropeptidase in the small intestines c.Nucleic Acid digestion – nucleases d.Fat digestion – lipase breaks it down after bile emulsification

34. F. Large Intestines Cecum / appendix found here / may be large in some animals Recovers water Lots of mutualistic bacteria (E. coli) which produce vitamins Rectum is the end with 2 sphincters, one involuntary and one voluntary

36. G. Hormones and Digestion 1.If you see food: - gastrin is made by the stomach and released into the blood stream - stomach secretes acids - if pH gets too low gastrin is stopped 2.Enterogastrones / Secretin and CCK - release bicarbonate and help break down A.A. and F.A.

37. V. Crazy Ways to Digest Cows, Rabbits, and Termites