1. PROPERTIES OF WATER KL OCEANOGRAPHY UNIT II: OCEAN PLANET

2. IT’S A WATERY WORLD ABOUT 71% OF EARTH’S SURFACE IS COVERED BY H 2 O 96.5% IS OCEAN (SALT WATER) ONLY 2.5% IS FRESHWATER AND ONLY SOME OF THIS IS USEABLE BY HUMANS

3. WATER IS ESSENTIAL TO ALL LIVING THINGS ALL LIVING THINGS ARE 70-90% WATER. WATER IS A POLAR MOLECULE- HAVING A (+) AND (-) END INDIVIDUAL WATER MOLECULES ARE HELD TOGETHER WITH POLAR COVALENT BONDS. GIVES WATER A BOOM-A-RANG SHAPE + + -

4. WHOLE MOLECULE: POLAR COVALENT WITH POLAR COVALENT BONDS  THE SHARING OF ELECTRONS IS UNEQUAL. FOR OXYGEN: HAS 6 VALENCE ELECTRONS 2 OF THE 6 VALENCE ELECTRONS FORM COVALENT BONDS WITH 2 DIFFERENT HYDROGEN ATOMS 4 OF THE 6 VALENCE ELECTRONS AROUND OXYGEN FORM A CLOUD THAT PUSH THE H-O BONDED ELECTRONS DOWN INTO A 100˚ ANGLE

5. HYDROGEN BONDS: BETWEEN NEIGHBORING WATER MOLECULES HYDROGEN BOND= WEAK ATTRACTIVE FORCE BETWEEN SLIGHTLY (+) HYDROGEN ATOM OF ONE MOLECULE AND SLIGHTLY (-) OXYGEN ATOM IN ANOTHER OR THE SAME MOLECULE. MANY HYDROGEN BONDS TAKEN TOGETHER ARE RELATIVELY STRONG. HYDROGEN BONDS CAUSE MANY OF UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF H 2 O

6. EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN BONDS: PROPERTIES OF WATER CAUSED BY H+ BONDS LIQUID WATER LIQUID WATER H 2 O IS A LIQUID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE  WITHOUT H+ BONDS H 2 O WOULD BE A GAS/VAPOR COHESION/ADHESION COHESION/ADHESION H 2 O ABILITY TO STICK TO OTHER WATER MOLECULE (COHESION) OR TO OTHER SURFACES (ADHESION) VISCOSITY VISCOSITY TENDENCY OF A FLUID TO RESIST FLOW… IT’S THICKNESS COLD SYRUP  SLOW V. WATER  FASTER

7. EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN BONDS: PROPERTIES OF WATER CAUSED BY H+ BONDS SURFACE TENSION SURFACE TENSION WATER’S RESISTANCE TO OBJECTS PENETRATING ITS SURFACE FILM THAT FORMS ON THE SURFACE OF THE WATER ICE FLOATS ICE FLOATS WATER BECOMES LESS DENSE AS A SOLID THAN AS A LIQUID BECAUSE  H+ BONDS PULL THE MOLECULES INTO A CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE THAT CAUSE THE MOLECULES TO SPREAD AND TAKE UP MORE SPACE

8. WATER- UNIVERSAL SOLVENT WATER IS UNIVERSAL SOLVENT, FACILITATES CHEMICAL REACTIONS BOTH OUTSIDE OF AND WITHIN LIVING SYSTEMS. SOLUTION= WHEN A SOLUTE IS DISSOLVED IN A SOLVENT SOLUTE= DRY SUBSTANCE THAT IS DISSOLVED BY A SOLVENT EX> SALT SOLVENT= LIQUID SUBSTANCE THAT DISSOLVES OTHER SUBSTANCES

9. COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF OCEAN WATER (COMPARED TO FRESH WATER) COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES= PROPERTIES OF A LIQUID THAT ARE ALTERED BY THE PRESENCE OF A SOLUTE (LIKE SALT) RAISED BOILING POINT DECREASED FREEZING TEMPERATURE ABILITY TO CREATE OSMOTIC PRESSURE CONDUCTS ELECTRICITY SLOWED EVAPORATION DECREASED HEAT CAPACITY

10. GASES IN OCEAN WATER: CO 2 & O 2 TYPES: N 2, CO 2, & O 2 PRIMARILY IMPORTANCE: VITAL FOR PLANT & ANIMAL LIFE CO 2  NEEDED FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS CO 2 + H 2 0  C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 PHYTOPLANKTON PRODUCE SUGAR(GLUCOSE) & OXYGEN TO FEED THE REST OF THE MARINE FOOD WEB CELLULAR RESPIRATION O 2 BREAKS DOWN FOOD AND PROVIDES ENERGY ZOOPLANKTON, FISH, INVERTEBRATES USE GLUCOSE TO MAKE CELLULAR ENERGY C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 0 FISH BREATH DISSOLVED O 2

11. GASES FOUND IN OCEAN WATER VARIES WITH DEPTH: MORE ABUNDANT AT THE SURFACE BASED ON THE AMOUNT OF RADIANT ENERGY AVAILABLE VARIES WITH TEMPERATURE: WARM WATER HOLDS LESS DISSOLVED GAS THAN COLD. AS OCEAN WATER COOLS  IT SINKS DUE TO DENSITY DIFFERENCE, BRINGING O 2 RICH WATER TO OCEAN DEPTHS.

12. GASES IN OCEAN WATER: NITROGEN CYCLE IMPORTANCE: VITAL FOR PLANT & ANIMAL LIFE  N 2 IS “FIXED” INTO NITRATE (NO 3 -), NITRITE (NO 2 - ) AND AMMONIUM (NH 4 ) TO BE USED BY AUTOTROPHS TO CREATE PROTEINS PROTEINS ARE MADE FROM AMINO ACIDS THAT ALL CONTAIN NITROGEN COMPOUNDS PASSED UP THE FOOD WEB THROUGH THE TROPHIC LEVELS

13. GASES IN OCEAN WATER: NITROGEN CYCLE ASSIMILATION=WHEN PLANTS & ANIMALS USE NITRATE AND AMMONIUM TO CREATE PROTEIN & NUCLEIC ACID PLANTS USE SOME (NH 4 ) & THE REST IS DISSOLVED IN THE H 2 O AND STAYS IN THE SOIL/SEDIMENT. MICROORGANISMS CONVERT NH 4 TO NO 3 - WHICH GETS BURIED IN THE SEDIMENT AND IS RELEASED ONCE AGAIN AS N 2 GAS

14. NITROGEN CYCLE-FILL IT IN!