1. 1 Renewable Energy Resources in Iran Prof. Hassan Zohoor Fellow, The Academy of Sciences of IR Iran; Member, Center of Excellence in Design, Robotics and Automation, Sharif University of Technology, Iran; Member, American Society of Mechanical Engineers

2. 2 Abstract In this paper, renewable energy resources are classified into two groups. The first includes the resources whose use does not result in their eradication. The second comprises the resources whose maximum use equals their reformation in nature. Concerning the second group, if the pace of wastage exceeds the speed of the replacement, the relevant energy resource will be considered exhaustible.

3. 3 The renewable energy resources of the first group include 1) sun radiation energy, the main energy resource which results in water flows, wind, waves, environment temperature and radiation, 2) the energy of the earth temperature that results in geothermal energy, and 3) kinetic and potential energy of planets that cause tides in the seas and oceans.

4. 4 The renewable energy of the second group is the accumulated solar energy that results in biomass energy, which is obtained from the woods, animal wastes and other similar things. In IR Iran, all the resources are present, and the country is rich in some of them. A number of these renewable energy resources in Iran can potentially provide a significant part of the energy of the country. This paper will study the capacity of water flows, wind, solar, ocean, geothermal energy, and biomass energy in IR Iran; and in some cases, statistics and figures will be presented. Ultimately, some figures pertaining to the use of renewable energy resources in Iran will be provided.

5. 5 World Total Primary Energy Consumption in 2002 The consumption of commercial primary energy of the world in 2002 shows 2.6% increase with respect to the preceding year and equals to 9405 MTOE (Mega Ton crude Oil Equivalent). Iran with the consumption of 116.2 MTOE has allocated to itself the most energy consumption rank in the Middle East. Some energy figures are shown in Table 1.

6. 6 Table 1. The Percentages of Commercial Primary Energy Consumption with Respect to Resources Description OilNatural Gas Coal Nuclear Hydro Electricity World total 37.524.325.56.56.3 Mid. East 51.545.92.10.00.5 Iran45.852.60.690.00.95

7. 7 World Total Primary Energy Consumption in 2025 It is expected that the world energy consumption rises to 640 Q Btu (Quadrillion Btu) (15085 MTOE) in 2025 as compared with 404' Q Btu (9522 MTOE) in 2001. This shows 58% increase in that period. The consumption of hydro plants and other renewable energies will soar to 50 Q Btu (1179 MTOE) in 2025 with 56% increase as compared with 32 Q Btu (754 MTOE) in 2001. Most increase of this energy will be in hydro plant energy.

8. 8 Table 2. Hydro Electricity Consumption of the World, Mid. East, & Iran in 2002 DescriptionTWh (Tera Watt Hour) Changes with respect to the preceding year (%) Whole Share (%) World2616.91.3100 Mid. East8.4270.3 Iran4.838.50.2

9. 9 World Operational Capacity of Windmill in 2002 = 32037.4 MW World Solar Energy in 2002 = 1330 MW World Present Operational Capacity of Photovoltaic Plants in 2002 = 1327.7 MW World Geothermal Energy in 2002 = 9500 MW th

10. 10 Table 3. Major Economic Energy Indicators Description Population (Million) National Gross Production (Billion USD with the fix price in 1995) Ratio of the whole supplied primary energy to GDP (TOE to Thousand USD with the fix price in 1995) World6102.634399.80.29 Mid. East168.9588.20.66 Iran64.5110.61.08

11. 11 Table 4. Per Capita Supply of Energy, Oil and Electricity in 2002 Description Per capita energy supply (per capita TOE) Per capita oil supply (per capita TOE ) Per capita electricity supply (per capita KWh) World1.640.572326 Mid. East 2.311.22642 Iran1.860.921689

12. 12 DescriptionCoalCru de Oil Oil Product s Natur al Gas Nuclea r Electri city Hydro Electri city Geotherma l energy, Solar Energy & etc. Other Renewable Resources & Combustible Wastes Electrici ty Heat Total Total primary energy supply 23 41. 64 37 32. 38 - 89.4 3 212 2.02 691. 90 221.5 0 50.601093.500.660.2 7 1011 65.03 Total energy consum ption 51 4.8 5 10. 55 2997.57 113 7.07 ——6.48993.451092.1 3 24 2.5 1 6994. 61 Non- energy consum ption 10. 61 —187. 85 ———————198.4 6 Table 5. The World Energy Balance of 2001

13. 13 Table 6. Energy Balance of the Country in 2002 Description Crude Oil & Oil products Natural Gas Non- comme rcial Fuels Hydro Electricity Total Electricit y Total Energy Internal Production 1206.7 478.85.5 2.012.60.05 — 1705.6 Import 29.133.3 3.2 ——— 0.666.1 Export -864.2-8.0 -0.1 ——— -0.5-872.8 International Ship Fuel -0.1 —————— Total Energy in Internal Access 478.0504.08.32.012.60.050.11005.0 Oil Refinery Waste -7.9 —————— Consumption Fuel-56.7-173.9——-12.6-0.05—-243.2 Electricity Production ————4.90.0284.4 Waste of Transmission and Distribution -4.9-9.4————-14.3-28.5 Consumption of Energy Section -7.4-37.2————-5.0-49.6 Access Net Energy401.1283.68.32.0——65.2760.2 Consumption401.1283.68.32.0——65.2760.2 Housing and Commercial 98.9173.80.12.0——32.7307.6 Coal Renewa ble Energies

14. 14 Description Crude Oil & Oil Products Natura l Gas CoalNon- comme rcial Fuels Hydro Electricity R enewable E nergies Total Electricit y Total Energy Internal Production1206.7478.85.52.012.60.05—1705.6 Import29.133.33.2———0.666.1 Export-864.2-8.0-0.1———-0.5-872.8 International Ship Fuel -0.1—————— Total Energy in Internal Access 478.0504.08.32.012.60.050.11005.0 Oil Refinery Waste-7.9—————— Consumption Fuel -56.7 -173.9 —— -12.6-0.05 — -243.2 Electricity Production ———— 4.90.0284.4 Waste of Transmission and Distribution -4.9-9.4 ———— -14.3-28.5 Consumption of Energy Section -7.4-37.2 ———— -5.0-49.6 Access Net Energy 401.1283.68.32.0 —— 65.2760.2 Consumption 401.1283.68.32.0 —— 65.2760.2 Housing and Commercial 98.9173.80.12.0 —— 32.7307.6

15. 15 Industry54.889.0————22.2166.0 Transportation 208.80.03————0.01208.9 Agriculture22.0—————7.529.5 Other Consumptions ——————2.8 Non-energy Consumption 16.620.7 8.2 ————45.4 Statistical errors also consist of difference in measurement system in crude oil.

16. 16 Table 7. The Share of Energy Resources and Their Annual Growth in Iran in 2002 ReportEnergy Resources Share Annual Growth Crude Oil70.749-7.45 Natural Gas28.07216.77 Coal0.322-1.10 Non-commercial Fuels (Forest and Mellows) 0.117-23.77 Water Energy0.73959.26 Other Renewable Energies0.003-5.82 Total Production100.00-1.41

17. 17 Renewable Energy Resources in Iran 1. Water Flow Energy

18. 18 Table 8.. Estimation of Total Theoretical Potential and the Number of Hydro Electricity Power Plants of the Country in 2002 Power PlantsNumberTheoretical Potential (MW) Big4118449.6 Medium1863937.0 Small, Mini and Micro 121717116.4 Total144439503

19. 19 Table 9. Estimation of the Capacity of Big and Small Hydro Electricity Projects in the Country and Their Situation in 2002 Projects Large & Medium Hydro Electricity Small, Mini & Micro Hydro Electricity No. of Power Plants Power (MW) No. of Power Plants Power (MW) In operation163027.189.694 In the process of implementation 96979.51215.225 Ready for implementation & in the process of study 197018185566.3 In the process of recognition 8356409451426.992

20. 20 Table 10. Number of Small, Mini and Micro Hydro Power Plants and Their Potential in the Process of Recognition Power PlantsNumberPower (MW) Small (1000-2000 KW)4521189.401 Mini (100-1000 KW)429234.825 Micro (up to 100 KW)642.766 Total9451426.992

21. 21 2. Wind Energy In 2002, 31 wind turbines with the capacity of 31.6 million KWh per year were utilized in three regions of the country. Also, one wind power plant of 600 KW with the capacity of 142 MWh in a year began its operation. A 10 KW-wind power plant, which in the case of full operation will produce 20 MWh electricity per year, has recently come to operation.

22. 22 3. Solar Energy The average amount of solar energy, which reaches the earth atmosphere, is about 1.367 KW/m 2, but the amount of solar energy, which reaches the earth itself, is much lower and the amount of useable energy is even lower. Each year, 5.48  10 24 J energy reaches the earth from the sun. Thus, in one hour, the amount of energy which reaches the earth from the sun is more than the total energy consumption of the world in 2004.

23. 23 The annual average amount of solar energy on a horizontal page in Iran is estimated to be about 18 MJ/m 2 per day. According to our country area, which is 1.648 × 10 12 square meters, the amount of receipt energy from sun is about 10 16 MJ per year. The amount of receipt of solar energy of 5 hours is almost equal to the total energy consumption of the country in 2004. We can now annually provide the energy of the whole country by collecting the solar energy which is received on an area of less than twice of the size of Great Tehran, if we install the system at a suitable region in the country.

24. 24 In connection with solar power plant in the country, a 250 KW solar power plant project (linear type) is going to be carried out. One of the easiest ways to convert light rays into electricity is using photovoltaic modules. In Iran, two photovoltaic systems of 30 and 5 KW and one 45 KW with the capacity of 46.8 MWh per year have been utilized, and the other 10 KW is going to be exploited too. Now, 1033 families utilize solar baths.

25. 25 4. Geothermal Energy Hydrothermal, Geopressured, Hot Dry Rock, and Magma The studies to install a 100 MW geothermal power plant in one region of the country started in 1995. Executive activities and complementary discovery stages including geophysical, geochemical and geological studies started in 1998 and finished in 1999. Owing to the technological competence of Iranian experts, the project will hopefully to be operated in 2005. The mentioned geothermal power plant will produce 788.4 Million KWh energy per year.

26. 26 5. Ocean Energy Wave Energy, Ocean Thermal Energy, and Tidal Energy The thermal energy of the ocean is the biggest source of energy in oceans. This energy is almost ten times bigger than the global consumption of the world energy presently.

27. 27 6. Biomass Energy Burning Wood (Direct Consumption), Ethanol, Methanol, Biogas, Pyrolysis, and Carbonization In Iran, 382.7 thousand m 3 log and 27.3 thousand m 3 charcoal were produced in 2002. The amount of useful urban energy of our country is estimated 89.7 PJ (Peta Joule) and the annual average of gas excavation from the waste materials is about 7 m 3 from each ton.

28. 28 Annually a total average of 16146.35 million m 3 biogas (9175 million m 3 methane equivalent to 3.367×10 17 J energy) may be potentially obtained from animal wastages, agricultural and wood wastages, urban and rural drainages, industrial drainages, solid wastes, and litters. Therefore, the study and implementation of biogas is going to be accomplished.

29. 29 Conclusions In 2002, the commercial primary energy consumption of the world was 9405 MTOE. In that year, the figure of the commercial primary energy of Iran was 116.2 MTOE. Therefore, the energy consumption of Iran was 1.2% of the world. The major carrier of energy of Iran in 2002 in the internal production, was crude oil and its products amounting to 71% and the rest consisted of natural gas 28%, coal 0.32%, and non- commercial fuels, hydro electricity, and other renewable energies respectively 0.12%, 0.74%, and 0.003%.

30. 30 Totally, the share of these last three items, namely the renewable energies, was 0.86%; whereas the share of the world of these energies was 1.35% (almost one & half times of Iran).

31. 31 Regarding the consumption of energy at homes and in industries, the natural gas was the first priority, with 56.52% share, the crude oil was the second with 32.16% share, electricity was the third with 10.63% share, and non-commercial fuels stood at the fourth priority with 0.65% share, and other renewable energies had almost no share. In this respect, coal stood at the fifth priority with only 0.03% share.

32. 32 Thank you