2. C-7

3. Early Human Migrations

4. Geography of the Americas 1

5. Origins of the Peoples of the Americas? Origins of the Peoples of the Americas? Sculpture from the Americas

6. Chapter 7, Section Were the earliest American civilization Had powerful priests and aristocrats at the top of society Built ceremonial centers Spread influence through trade Developed calendar Introduced tradition of priestly leadership and religious devotion Developed complex irrigation methods for farming Built towering pyramid temples in Tikal Traded extensively across Middle America Developed hieroglyphic writing system Developed accurate calendar and numbering system Abandoned cities around A.D. 900 The Olmecs and the Mayas OLMECS MAYAS 1

7. Major Pre-Columbian Civilizations

9. Lands of the Mayans The Yucatan Peninsula

10. Chichen-Itza - Pyramid

11. Chichen-Itza - Observatory

12. Chichen-Itza - Ball Court

13. Mayan Cultivation of Maize Chac, God of Rain 

14. Mayan Underground Granaries: Chultunes

15. Overview of Tikal (Guatemala) Temple of the Masks

16. Tikal Jungle View at Sunset

17. Tikal - Main Court

18. Tikal: Temple of the Masks

19. Tikal - Wall Mask of the Rain God

20. Mayan Glyphs Mayan Mathematics sky king house child city sky king house child city

21. Mayan Glyphs

22. Mayan Drinking Cup for Chocolate

23. Pakal: The Maya Astronaut

24. The God of Wisdom & Learning Quetzalcoatl: The God of Wisdom & Learning

26. Lands of the Aztecs

27. Chapter 7, Section Arrival of the Aztecs Teotihuacan-dominated Valley from 100AD-750AD In the late 1200s, nomadic ancestors of the Aztecs migrated into the Valley of Mexico. The Aztecs built the city of Tenochtitlán. In the 1400s, the Aztecs greatly expanded their territory through conquests and alliances. 1 By 1500, the Aztec empire spread from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean and numbered 30 million people.

28. Aztec View of Tenochtitlan

29. Ruins of the City Center, Tenochtitlan

30. The Codex Mendoza : The Founding of Tenochtitlan

31. Tenochtitlan: The “Venice” of the Americas

32. Aztec Chinampa or Floating Garden: 15ft. to 30ft. wide

33. Tenochtitlan - Chinampas

34. Aztec Math Aztec Writing

35. Aztec Sun Stone -- Calendar

36. Aztec Sun Motifs

37. Aztec Codex (15c Manuscript)

38. The Aztecs Were Fierce Warriors

39. Aztecs Sacrifice Neighboring Tribes to the Sun God

40. Heart Sacrifice on an Aztec Temple Pyramid

41. Wall of Skulls, Tenochtitlan

42. Sacrificial Statue, Tenochtitlan

43. Aztec Gold

44. Chapter 7, Section Aztec Society Priests recorded Aztec knowledge and ran schools for sons of nobles. Some priests were astronomers or mathematicians. Priests were a special class. The sun god was the chief Aztec god. Aztecs practiced human sacrifice on a massive scale. The empire had a single ruler. Slaves could own and buy freedom. Long-distance traders traveled around the empire and beyond. LEARNING RELIGION GOVERNMENT & SOCIETY 1

46. Lands of the Incas

47. Chapter 7, Section The Incan Empire-Cuzco, capital They ran an efficient government with a chain of command reaching to every village. They imposed their own language and religion on the people. They created one of the great road systems in history, allowing armies and news to travel rapidly around the empire. They posted runners throughout the empire to carry news of revolts and soldiers to quickly crush them. They prohibited ordinary people from using the roads at all. The Incas built a complex civilization that relied on order and absolute authority. 2

48. Cuzco: A ncient Capital of the Inca (11,000 ft. above sea level)

49. Machu Picchu

51. Incan Suspension Bridges

52. Incan Terrace Farming

53. Incan Digging Sticks

54. Maize in Incan Pottery & Gold Work

55. Over 100 Different Types of Potatoes Cultivated by the Incans

56. Produce from a Typical Incan Market

57. Incan Ceramic Jars PeanutPeanut PotatoPotato SquashSquash Cacao God Cacao Pod

58. The Quipu: An Incan Database

59. Incan Mummies

60. Inca Gold & Silver

61. Chapter 7, Section Cahokia- Ceremonial center of the Mississippian culture 3

62. Chapter 7, Section 3 Arctic/Subarctic Beavers, Crees, Inuits, Kutchins Lived as nomadic hunters and food gatherers in cold climate; honored ocean, weather, and animal spirits California/Great Basin/Plateau Nez Percés, Pomos, Shoshones Lived as hunters and gatherers in small family groups; ate mainly fish, berries, acorns Southwest Apaches, Hohokams, Hopis, Navajos, Pueblos Lived in villages in homes made of adobe; built irrigation systems to grow corn and other crops; honored earth, sky, and water spirits Southeast Cherokees, Natchez Grew corn, squash, beans, and other crops; held yearly Green Corn Ceremony to mark end of year and celebrate harvest Northwest Coast Bella Coolas, Coos, Kwakiutls, Tlingits Lived in villages; benefited from rich natural resources in forests, rivers, and ocean; held potlatches, or ceremonial dinners, where host families gave gifts to guests to show wealth and gain status Great Plains Apaches, Arapahos, Blackfeet, Cheyennes, Comanches, Crows, Lakotas, Mandans, OsagesLived in tepees; animals hunted by men; crops grown by women; relied on buffalo to meet basic needs of food, shelter, and clothing Eastern Woodlands Algonquins, Chippewas, Hurons, Iroquois, Leni-Lenapes, Miamis, Pequots, Shawnees Lived in farming villages, but also hunted for food; long houses shared by several families; women held social and political power North American Culture Areas About 1450