1. Week 3 Apollo & Artemis Demeter and Persephone Hermes Dionysus

2. Apollo and Artemis Ca. 460 BCE Apollo and Artemis avenging Leto’s honor

3. ARTEMIS Daughter of ZEUS and LETO Twin sister of APOLLO Born on the island of DELOS

4. The Lady of Animals Has lions in her retinue Horns and skin of pray hung on tree in honor of Artemis Since Homer: a girl

5. NIOBE AND HER CHILDREN Leto dishonored in Thebes: queen NIOBE boasts to have borne seven sons and seven daughters Apollo kills all sons; Artemis all daughters Niobe turned to stone

6. Myths of Artemis 2 ACTEON Hunting, A. saw Artemis in her bath She transformed him into a stag His dogs tore him to pieces

7. CALLISTO Zeus, disguised as Artemis, raped her friend Callisto Artemis expelled Callisto Callisto gave birth to ARCAS Hera turned her into a bear Arcas almost killed his mother Zeus transformed both into constellations

8. ORION ORION tried to seduce Artemis The goddess produced a scorpion that killed him OR Orion pursued the PLEIADES They were all transformed into constellations (SIRIUS, Orion's hunting dog, became the Dog Star)

9. CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTEMIS Vehement virgin with characteristics of a fertility goddess Moon-goddess linked with the lunar cycle and menstrual period Goddess of nature itself personifying its pristine purity

10. Artemis: A Virgin Fertility Goddess

11. HECATE an Artemis-like figure Fertility goddess of the Underworld depicted with a blazing torch Accompanied by fierce hounds Goddess of the crossroads Skilled in the arts of black magic

12. Hecate and the crossroads To the Romans Hecate was “Trivia” of the crossroads Received offerings of food called Hecate's suppers

13. DELOS: BIRTHPLACE OF APOLLO In the hymn “To Delian Apollo" there is no mention of Artemis Apollo nursed on nectar and ambrosia miraculously becomes a mighty god Curved bow and the lyre become his attributes Prophecy to mortals his domain

14. SANCTUARY OF APOLLO AT DELPHI Apollo chose a place under Mt. PARNASSUS for his oracle and temple. He slew a dragon named PYTHO Apollo given the epithet PYTHIAN, his prophetess, PYTHIA Apollo from Lycia in Asia Minor Ephebos, kouros Phoibos = Fox-like Lykeios = wolf-like

15. The Omphalos “The Navel" an archaic stone shaped like an egg. Explanations: a)marks the center of the world b) marks the tomb of Python c) Is the stone Cronus swallowed instead of Zeus

16. Apollo sitting on the Omphalos Silver tetradrachma from 3rd BCE

17. Pythian Games From Apollo’s sanctuary at Delphi Ca. 470 BCE

18. Theater in Delphi

19. APOLLO'S LOVES: SIBYL Title of the prophetess of Apollo The original Sibyl from Cumae in Italy was pursued by Apollo When she rejected him, the god granted her immortality without eternal youth She eventually to became only a voice

22. Apollo’s loves: CASSANDRA Daughter of the Trojan King Priam Agreed to give herself to Apollo and received the gift of prophecy. Changed her mind Apollo made sure that her true prophecies would never be believed

23. Apollo’s Loves: CYRENE Apollo fell in love with her when he saw her wrestling with a lion. He took her to the city in Libya that would bear her name. They had a son Aristaeus, a keeper of bees.

24. Apollo’s Loves: DAPHNE 1 “Laurel" Apollo offended Eros Eros sent a dull, leaden arrow that repels love at Daphne, and a bright short arrow at Apollo.

25. Apollo and Daphne 2 Daphne vowed to remain a virgin devoted to Artemis, and fled Apollo When she reached the waters of the Peneus (her father) she was transformed into a laurel tree

26. Apollo’s Loves: HYACINTHUS Hyacinthus was wounded and killed while competing at throwing discus with Apollo. Apollo caused a new flower, the hyacinth, to arise from his blood.

27. Apollo, Hiacynthus and Cyparissus

28. Apollo’s Loves: CORONIS CORONIS was pregnant with Apollo’s child when the raven saw her in the arms of another lover The god shot her with one of his arrows, but saved the baby ASCLEPIUS who became the god of medicine

29. Apollo’s Musical contests: MARSYAS The satyr Marsyas picked up the flute invented by Athena. He challenged Apollo to a contest Apollo won and he decided to flay Marsyas alive

30. Apollo’s Musical Contests: PAN Pan dared to engage in a contest with Apollo. TMOLUS the god of the mountain was the judge. He declared Apollo the victor, but MIDAS, the king of Phrygia declared the verdict unjust. Apollo changed Midas’ ears into the ears of an ass.

31. Apollo and Pan

32. THE NATURE OF APOLLO God of shepherds, associated with music God of medicine God of the sun PHOEBUS Apollo "bright." Symbol of classical restraint, of "Know thyself" and "Nothing too much." Can bring enlightenment, atonement, truth, and a new civic order of justice and is often contrasted with Dionysus

33. Apollo

34. Apollo 11, 1961

35. Demeter and the Eleusinian Mysteries The Homeric Hymn to Demeter

36. Demeter and the abduction of Persephone by Hades Persephone: daughter of Demeter and Zeus was kidnapped by Hades

37. Demeter’s Grief Hecate heard Persephone’s screams The sun-god Helius saw Hades Demeter suspects Zeus

38. Demeter in Eleusis Daughters of KELEUS, and METANEIRA invite her She refuses to taste food or drink until IAMBE, with jests and jokes caused her to smile and laugh. She then accepted a drink called KYKEON.

39. Baubo

40. Demeter the nurse of Demophoon Attempts to make him immortal through fire. When Metaneira interrupts her Demeter reveals her divinity. She then disappears but promises to teach her rites to the inhabitants of Eleusis.

41. Demeter’s Anger Demeter causes a year with no harvest. Zeus orders Hades to release Persephone. Before leaving Persephone eats a pomegranate seed.

42. Final Compromise 1/3 third part of the year below 2/3 with her mother Demeter restores fertility establishes her Eleusinian Mysteries

43. The Final Message of the Hymn Happy is the one of mortals on earth who has seen these things. But those who are uninitiated into the holy rites … never are destined to a similar joy when they are dead in the gloomy realm below.”

44. The Greater Eleusinian Mysteries

45. The Greater Mysteries September and October Splendid procession between Athens and Eleusis with "holy objects" carried by priests and priestesses Sacrifices, prayers, and cleansing in the sea

46. The Eleusinian Procession Ritual cleansing Torches Fasting and vigil Hymns and obscene jests

47. The Sacred Rites KYKEON the sacred drink Dramatic performance ? vision of Afterlife ? religious purification The revelation of the hiera, "sacred objects"

48. HADES Roman names: DIS, PLUTO (both names mean wealth) ORCUS by the Romans God of death and agricultural plenty

50. TARTARUS Place of punishment Name for Hades’ realm as a whole Erebus -The darkness of Tartarus - Tartarus itself

51. Elysian Fields Elysium, the Elysian Fields. Paradise in the Underworld.

52. Three Judges MINOS RHADAMANTHUS, and AEACUS Pass sentence on the just and unjust souls

53. Charon The Ferryman Transports souls across the river Styx, or Acheron. He demands as fare the coin that is buried in the mouth of a corpse

54. Hermes Psychopompus Hermes as "leader of the soul" takes our souls, after death, to Charon.

55. Cerberus The Hound of Hades Guards the realm Ferocious, with (at least) three snarling heads

56. The Furies ERINYES Born from Uranus’ blood Pitiless and just avengers of crime, especially murder and blood-guilt within the family

57. Dionysus (Bacchus) God of Ecstasy

58. Satyrs making wine

59. THE BIRTH of Dionysus Zeus loved SEMELE, daughter of CADMUS Hera convinced Semele to trick Zeus into revealing himself Semele was burned, but their unborn child was saved by Zeus Dionysus was born from Zeus’ thigh and brought up by nymphs and Semele's sister Ino on a mountain named Nysa

62. THE BACCHAE OF EURIPIDES 1 Dionysus comes to Thebes where his religion is repudiated The women of Thebes become possessed by frenzy (animal skins, tambourines, with the thyrsus) on Mt. Cithaerion

63. THE BACCHAE OF EURIPIDES 2 Cadmus’ grandson Pentheus is vehemently opposed to the new religion Deceived by Dionysus, he participates in his rites disguised as a woman He is discovered and torn to pieces by the Bacchae led by his mother AGAVE

64. Pentheus’ death

65. THE NATURE OF DIONYSUS God of vegetation God of wine Represents the irrational in human beings Dionysiac ecstasy, MANIA, combines the bestial and the sublime

66. THE RELIGION OF DIONYSUS Dionysus took possession of his worshipers In a ceremony called OMOPHAGY they ate raw flesh of the sacrificial animal The congregation that engaged in this ritual communion was called THIASUS

67. Animal sacrifice: Nepal 1964

68. DIONYSUS’ FOLLOWERS Female followers of D. called MAENADS or BACCHAE are women possessed by the god These names are also given to the mythological nymphs, spirits of nature, in Dionysus' retinue

69. DIONYSUS’ FOLLOWERS SATYRS male counterparts of the Maenads, part man and part animal, with a horse's tail and ears and a goat's beard and horns SILENI are older satyrs, some of whom are wise

70. DIONYSIAC PROPS Animal skins and garlands THYRSUS = a pole wreathed with ivy or vine leaves, pointed at the top to receive a pinecone

71. DIONYSUS AND APOLLO Dionysus = unrestrained freedom and passion Apollo = the lyre's disciplined melody, reason, and self-control. Friedrich Nietzche's study of drama entitled The Birth of Tragedy emphasizes this contrast as an essential feature of Greek drama.

72. DIONYSUS-ZAGREUS Zeus mated with his daughter Persephone, and she bore a son ZAGREUS Hera incited the Titans to dismember the child and devour the pieces The heart of the child was saved; and Dionysus was born again, through Semele and Zeus, as recounted above.

73. Dionysus Zeus in anger destroyed the Titans From their ashes mortals were born We inherit our bodies from the Titans and our souls from the god they had devoured

74. DIONYSUS AND ARIADNE ARIADNE gave the hero Theseus a thread by which he could find his way out of the labyrinth after killing the Minotaur. He abandoned her on the island of Naxos She was rescued by Bacchus, who fell in love with her

75. ICARIUS Dionysus rewarded the hospitality of ICARIUS by giving him the gift of wine The people who first felt its effects thought that they had been poisoned and killed Icarius

76. KING MIDAS OF PHRYGIA Silenus was captured and brought before King Midas who recognized him and returned him to the god. Dionysus promised to give the king any gift that he wished Midas asked for “golden touch”

77. Poussin: Midas and Bacchus

78. The Homeric Hymn to Dionysus Pirates carried D. off on their ship. The bonds miraculously would not hold A vine entwined about the mast and grew up to the very top of the sail The god became a terrifying lion The sailors leaped into the sea and became dolphins

79. PAN God of shepherds and of music Part man, with the horns, ears, and legs of a goat His father often identified as Hermes

80. SYRINX Fled the advances of Pan Was transformed into a bed of marsh reeds Pan cut two of them, fastened with wax, and fashioned his own musical instrument, the pan-pipe

81. ECHO 1 Ran away from Pan Spread such "panic" among a group of shepherds that they tore her to pieces Only her voice remained

82. ECHO 2 Conspired with Zeus to divert Hera’s attention Was deprived of speech Fell in love with Narcissus Withered away

83. Hermes God of Boundaries

84. Hermes

85. THE HOMERIC HYMN TO HERMES Zeus loved MAIA luxurious cave, and She bore HERMES (MERCURY). This precocious baby was born at dawn, by midday he was playing the lyre, and in the evening he stole the cattle of Apollo.

86. Hermes Invents the Seven- stringed Lyre He used: -a hollowed tortoise shell -reeds -an ox's hide -strings of sheep gut

87. Hermes Steals Apollo's Cattle At night, he cut off 50 cows from the herd He made them walk backwards, their heads facing him He walked straight ahead, wearing sandals of wicker that he had woven to disguise his tracks

88. Apollo Tracks Down Hermes Apollo heard of a child driving a herd backwards The guessed the thief’s identity and found Hermes in his cradle He took the baby to the Mt. Olympus, where he sought justice from Zeus

89. The Reconciliation of Hermes and Apollo Zeus laughed and ordered Hermes to lead Apollo to the cattle Hermes returns the cattle He shows the lyre to Apollo and offers it to him Apollo gives Hermes a golden staff and directs him to three goddesses who will teach him the art of prophecy

90. Hermaphroditus Son of Hermes and Aphrodite The nymph of a spring Salmacis fell in love with young H. H. rejected her S. clung to H. when he was swimming in the spring Their two bodies were joined together

91. THE NATURE OF HERMES God of shepherds Patron of thieves and business people Master of persuasion Psychopompus Messenger of the gods Archetypal trickster

92. ATTRIBUTES OF HERMES PETASUS a broad-brimmed hat, sometimes winged Sandals often winged. CADUCEUS a herald's staff, sometimes entwined with two snakes

93. Herms Rectangular or square pillars equipped with male genitals and with the head or bust of Hermes on top. Brought fertility and good luck