1. Standard 8 By: Andrew & LaBarron

2. Protein Basics Proteins are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen These elements are joined into strands called Amino acids Proteins do many important jobs such as cellular repairs, growth, and helping the human body work It is the main structural molecule in the human body

3. The Building Blocks Of Protein Proteins are made up of Amino Acids which form long chains called polypeptides The arrangement of the Acids affects the chemical composition of the proteins There are 20 different amino acids found in nature All amino acids are exactly the same where they can be joined in Covalent bonds Because of this any amino acid can be joined to another amino acid Proteins are made up of Amino Acids which form long chains called polypeptides The arrangement of the Acids affects the chemical composition of the proteins There are 20 different amino acids found in nature All amino acids are exactly the same where they can be joined in Covalent bonds Because of this any amino acid can be joined to another amino acid

4. The Hungry Proteins Some proteins are enzymes Proteins all have a specific complex shape Because of that substrates (the reactants of an enzyme catalyzed reactions) bind into a active site on the enzyme perfectly This is referred to as a lock and key They remain bound together until the reaction is done

5. DNA & RNA Basics DNA is made up of Nucleotides Nucleotides are made up of three parts: a deoxyribose molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. There are 4 different bases in DNA: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine RNA is also made up of Nucleotides but there are some differences RNA sort of like a disposable copy of DNA RNA can be used for many different things but they are mainly used for producing protien Both carry genetic information, can carry proteins, and can make copies of themselves

6. DNA vs RNA RNA is like DNA except for three things 1.The sugar in RNA is a ribosome is a ribose instead of deoxyribose 2.RNA is generally single-stranded 3.RNA contains uracil in place of thymine 4.It also can transport Amino Acids

7. Pairing of DNA & RNA DNA bases Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G) In RNA though they have Uralic (U) instead of Thymine In the DNA Double Helix T and A and G and C connect together and when RNA comes off DNA T gets replace with U When DNA replicates then the order of the bases is mirror image Instead of AGTC it would be TCAG

8. DNA and Your Genes and Chromosomes Chromosomes are made up of DNA The chromosomes are wrapped around proteins called histones that are bundled together Things inside chromosomes are called genes

9. Which Statement describes a function of proteins in living organisms? A. They Serve as enzymeatic catalysts B. They transmit genetic information C. They are an energy storage molecule D. They serve as building Blocks for DNA

10. A. They serve as enzymatic catalysts

11. Which function is characteristic of RNA, but NOT of DNA? A. transports proteins B. replicates itself C. transports amino acids D. carries genetic information

12. C. Transports amino acids

13. A strand of DNA that contains the bases TACGAT replicates. Which base sequence is in the new strand produced during replication? A.ATGCTA B. AUGCUA C. TACGAT D. CGTGGC

14. A. TACGAT

15. As a result of base pairing in DNA, there is the same number of which two bases? A.Guanine B. Adenine and Cytosine C. Adenine and Guanine D. Guanine and Cytosine

17. Study the nucleotide sequence below. A C G C A G T Consider the nucleotide sequence above. Which nucleotide sequence below represents the corresponding portion of an RNA strand? A. CTGCGTA B. GACAGCU C. TGCGTCU D. UGCGUCA

18. D. UGCGUCA

19. Which sequence represents a DNA strand that would complement the following RNA strand ? CUA UGC AUG CCA A.GAU ACG UAC GGU B. CUA UGC AUG CCA C. GAT ACG TAC GGT D. CTA TGC ATG CCA

20. C. GAT ACG TAC GGT

21. The next two questions will use a chart

22. Which student correctly identified possible percentages of nucleotide bases that could be present in a complete sample of DNA ATGC 135%15%35%15% 220%30% 20% 315% 35% 410%40% 10% Student Amount of DNA Bases

23. Student 3: (A) 15%, (T) 15%, (G) 35%, (C) 35%

24. ATGCU A25%15%25% 20% B30%0%25% 30% C20% 30% 0% D10% 35% 10% Which student correctly identified possible percentages of nucleotide bases that could be present in a complete sample of DNA

25. Student C : A 20%, T 20%, C 30%, G 30% THERE IS NO U IN DNA

26. What is the term that describes how substrates bind to an active site A.Peanut Butter and Jelly B.Lock and Key C.Door and Doorway D.Oil and Water

27. B. Lock and Key

28. Chromosomes are wrapped around proteins called… A.Mitochondria B.Chromatin C.Histones D.Mistones

29. C. Histones

30. DNA is made of what? A.Nucleotides B.Chromatin C.Histones D.Nucleolus

31. A. Nucleotides

32. RNA is mostly used for… A.Producing DNA B.Cellular Reproduction C.Cellular Respiration D.Producing Protein

34. Protein does all of these things except… A.Cellular repairs B.Structuring the Human Body C.Producing RNA D.Functioning as an enzyme

35. C. Producing RNA IT IS THE OTHER WAY AROUND

36. There are how many Amino Acids in Nature? A.20 B.57 C.42 D.11

37. A. 20 Amino Acids Occur in Nature

38. Amino Acids are all similar where… A.They Connect to DNA B.They Connect to RNA C.They Connect to form Ionic Bonds D.They Connect to form Covalent Bonds

39. D. Where They Connect to form Covalent Bonds CONGRATS YOU ARE DONE